??? ??? (NASA)

	??? ???; Europa Lander
	; ??? ???? ???
?? ??
?? ??	NASA
?? ??	????
???	2025?
???	SLS
?? ??	??, ?, ??, ????, ??, ???
?? ??	???
???	2030?
?? ??	???
?? ??	9.9?
??? ??
???	??
???	???, RTG, ????
???
???	?? ??

百度现在通过改革，不仅做到了最多跑一次，而且是一小时立等可取，现场即办。

??? ???(Europa Lander)? 2025? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????.^[1]^[2] ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????. ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???. ? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ? ??? ???.^[3]^[4] ??? ??? ???? ??, ?? ?? ????? ?? ??.^[5]

??? ????

?? ??? 2016? ???? ????? ??? ????, ?? NASA? ?????.^[6] ??? 6?? ?? ?? ???^[7] ?? NASA? 2? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????.^[8] ? ???? ??? ?? ??? ? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? 40? ?? ?? ??? ????.^[9]^[10]^[11] ? ???? NASA? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? 40? ?? ??? ??? ????.^[12] ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???^[13] ??? ????? ???? ???.^[14] ?? ????? ???? ??? ???, ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????.^[15] ? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??.^[16] ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???^[17] ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????. ??? ??? ??? ??? 2005? ?? ??? ??? 1? ???^[18] ? 2012? 3?? ???? NASA? ??, 3?? ???? ?? ???? ???.^[19] ?? ????? ?? ?????, ?? ??? 8?? ??? ????.^[20]^[21] ??? 2017? 7?, ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????.^[22] ??? ??? ???? ??? ? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? NASA? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ? ??? ?? ?????.^[23]^[24] ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ? ??? ??? ??? ??.^[25]^[26]

????

????? ?? ?????? ????.^[27] ? ??? ??? 2019? 6??? ???? ??? ????? ???^[28] ????? ????. ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???.^[29]^[30]

??:???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????.

?? ??:???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???, ??? ??? ???? ?? ????.

???:?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????.

???:???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????.

??? ???:???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????.^[31]

??? ???:??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ? ????.

?? ???:?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ? ????.

?? ???:?? ??? ? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????.

???:???? ???? ???? ? ???.

?? ???:???? ???? ????? ??? ????. ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???, ?? ??? ???.

?? ???:???? ??? ????, RTG? ??? ????.^[32]^[33] ??? ??(2018? ??) NASA? 4?? ???? ???? ???,^[34] 4?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??.^[35] ??? ?? RTG? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???. ??? ????? ??? ??? ????, ????? ?? ?? ??(??? ???? ???, ?? ?)? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ? ??.^[36] ? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ? ??? ??? ? ??? ?????.^[37] ??? ?? RPS ?? ??? ???? ???^[38].

??

??? 2024? SLS? ??? ????(??). ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? SLS? 2025? ???? 2027? ??? ????? 2030? ??? ????.^[39] ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???. ?? ????????? GSFC?? ??? ???? ?? ??.

??

??? ????, ??, ????? ??? ???.^[40] ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????. ??? ? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???. ??? MarCO? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????.^[41] ?? ??? ?? ???? ??, 2019? ??? ??? ???.

??, ??, ??

??

↑ “NASA Receives Science Report on Europa Lander Concept”. 2017? 2? 8?. 2018? 5? 21?? ???.
↑ “JPL moves ahead with Mars and Europa missions despite funding uncertainty”. 2017? 7? 18?. 2018? 5? 21?? ???.
↑ “NASA Receives Science Report on Europa Lander Concept”. 2017? 2? 8?. 2018? 5? 21?? ???.
↑ “Europa Lander Study 2016 Report”. 2016?. 2018? 5? 21?? ???.
↑ “Europa Lander Study 2016 Report”. 2016?. 2018? 5? 23?? ???.
↑ “NASA Receives Science Report on Europa Lander Concept”. 2017? 2? 8?. 2018? 5? 21?? ???.
↑ “A New Lander Concept for Europa”. 2018? 5? 21?? ???.
↑ “NASA Receives Science Report on Europa Lander Concept”. 2017? 2? 8?. 2018? 5? 21?? ???.
↑ “NASA Receives Science Report on Europa Lander Concept”. 2017? 2? 8?. 2018? 5? 21?? ???.
↑ “JPL moves ahead with Mars and Europa missions despite funding uncertainty”. 2017? 7? 18?. 2018? 5? 21?? ???.
↑ “Report lays out science case for Europa lander”. 2017? 2? 17?. 2018? 5? 23?? ???.
↑ “NASA Receives Science Report on Europa Lander Concept”. 2017? 2? 8?. 2018? 5? 21?? ???.
↑ “A New Lander Concept for Europa”. 2018? 5? 23?? ???.
↑ “NASA Report Sheds Light On Europa Lander Mission”. 2017? 2? 10?. 2018? 5? 23?? ???.
↑ “NASA’s concept Europa lander belongs on the cover of a sci-fi pulp”. 2017? 2? 10?. 2018? 5? 23?? ???.
↑ “Deep sea ecology: hydrothermal vents and cold seeps”. 2018? 5? 23?? ???.
↑ “Reddish Bands on Europa”. 2014? 7? 16?. 2018? 5? 23?? ???.
↑ “Small RPS-Enabled Europa Lander Mission” (PDF). 2005? 2? 13?. 2016? 3? 4?? ?? ?? (PDF)?? ??? ??. 2018? 5? 23?? ???.
↑ “Europa Lander Study” (PDF). 2017? 1? 26?. 2017? 1? 26?? ?? ?? (PDF)?? ??? ??. 2018? 5? 23?? ???.
↑ “NASA gets some funding for Mars 2020 rover in federal spending bill”. 2014? 1? 15?. 2018? 5? 23?? ???.
↑ “JPL's Mars 2020 rover benefits from spending bill”. 2014? 1? 14?. 2018? 5? 23?? ???.
↑ “Balance of NASA Planetary Science Missions Explored at Hearing”. 2017? 7? 21?. 2018? 5? 23?? ???.
↑ “Trump Budget Proposal Axes NASA's Europa Lander Project”. 2017? 3? 16?. 2018? 5? 24?? ???.
↑ ???? ??? ?? ????? 4?(OCO-3, PACE, DSCOVR, CLARREO ?????)? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???(3?? ??? ????, ??? OCO-3? ?? ????? ???? ???), ??? ?? ?? ?? ??, ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??.
↑ “Space Launch System, planetary exploration get big boosts in NASA budget”. 2018? 3? 23?. 2018? 5? 24?? ???.
↑ “Europa lander concept redesigned to lower cost and complexity”. 2018? 3? 29?. 2018? 5? 24?? ???.
↑ “Report lays out science case for Europa lander”. 2017? 2? 14?. 2018? 5? 24?? ???.
↑ “Community Announcement Regarding Europa Lander Instrument Investigation Program Element Appendix”. 2017? 2?. 2018? 5? 25?? ???.
↑ “Report lays out science case for Europa lander”. 2014? 2? 14?. 2018? 5? 25?? ???.
↑ “Europa Lander Study 2016 Report”. 2018? 5? 25?? ???.
↑ “Here's what NASA's Europa lander could look like”. 2017? 2? 10?. 2018? 5? 25?? ???.
↑ “Report lays out science case for Europa lander”. 2017? 2? 14?. 2018? 5? 25?? ???.
↑ “Europa lander concept redesigned to lower cost and complexity”. 2018? 3? 28?. 2018? 5? 25?? ???.
↑ “NASA Struggles over Deep-Space Plutonium Power”. 2015? 10? 4?. 2018? 5? 25?? ???.
↑ “NASA Struggles over Deep-Space Plutonium Power”. 2015? 10? 4?. 2018? 5? 25?? ???.
↑ ????? ?? ?? ???, ??, ??? ?? ???.
↑ “Modeling radiation degradation in solar cells extends satellite lifetime”. 2018? 5? 25?? ???.
↑ “Abelson & Shirley – Small RPS-Enabled Europa Lander Mission (2005)” (PDF). 2005?. 2016? 3? 4?? ?? ?? (PDF)?? ??? ??. 2018? 5? 25?? ???.
↑ “Report lays out science case for Europa lander”. 2017? 2? 14?. 2018? 5? 25?? ???.
↑ “NASA's audacious Europa missions are getting closer to reality”. 2017? 2? 21?. 2018? 5? 25?? ???.
↑ “Telecommunications systems for the NASA Europa missions”. 2017? 7?. 2018? 5? 25?? ???.

[1] “NASA Receives Science Report on Europa Lander Concept”. 2017? 2? 8?. 2018? 5? 21?? ???.

[2] “JPL moves ahead with Mars and Europa missions despite funding uncertainty”. 2017? 7? 18?. 2018? 5? 21?? ???.

[3] “NASA Receives Science Report on Europa Lander Concept”. 2017? 2? 8?. 2018? 5? 21?? ???.

[4] “Europa Lander Study 2016 Report”. 2016?. 2018? 5? 21?? ???.

[5] “Europa Lander Study 2016 Report”. 2016?. 2018? 5? 23?? ???.

[6] “NASA Receives Science Report on Europa Lander Concept”. 2017? 2? 8?. 2018? 5? 21?? ???.

[7] “A New Lander Concept for Europa”. 2018? 5? 21?? ???.

[8] “NASA Receives Science Report on Europa Lander Concept”. 2017? 2? 8?. 2018? 5? 21?? ???.

[9] “NASA Receives Science Report on Europa Lander Concept”. 2017? 2? 8?. 2018? 5? 21?? ???.

[10] “JPL moves ahead with Mars and Europa missions despite funding uncertainty”. 2017? 7? 18?. 2018? 5? 21?? ???.

[11] “Report lays out science case for Europa lander”. 2017? 2? 17?. 2018? 5? 23?? ???.

[12] “NASA Receives Science Report on Europa Lander Concept”. 2017? 2? 8?. 2018? 5? 21?? ???.

[13] “A New Lander Concept for Europa”. 2018? 5? 23?? ???.

[14] “NASA Report Sheds Light On Europa Lander Mission”. 2017? 2? 10?. 2018? 5? 23?? ???.

[15] “NASA’s concept Europa lander belongs on the cover of a sci-fi pulp”. 2017? 2? 10?. 2018? 5? 23?? ???.

[16] “Deep sea ecology: hydrothermal vents and cold seeps”. 2018? 5? 23?? ???.

[17] “Reddish Bands on Europa”. 2014? 7? 16?. 2018? 5? 23?? ???.

[18] “Small RPS-Enabled Europa Lander Mission” (PDF). 2005? 2? 13?. 2016? 3? 4?? ?? ?? (PDF)?? ??? ??. 2018? 5? 23?? ???.

[19] “Europa Lander Study” (PDF). 2017? 1? 26?. 2017? 1? 26?? ?? ?? (PDF)?? ??? ??. 2018? 5? 23?? ???.

[20] “NASA gets some funding for Mars 2020 rover in federal spending bill”. 2014? 1? 15?. 2018? 5? 23?? ???.

[21] “JPL's Mars 2020 rover benefits from spending bill”. 2014? 1? 14?. 2018? 5? 23?? ???.

[22] “Balance of NASA Planetary Science Missions Explored at Hearing”. 2017? 7? 21?. 2018? 5? 23?? ???.

[23] “Trump Budget Proposal Axes NASA's Europa Lander Project”. 2017? 3? 16?. 2018? 5? 24?? ???.

[24] ???? ??? ?? ????? 4?(OCO-3, PACE, DSCOVR, CLARREO ?????)? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???(3?? ??? ????, ??? OCO-3? ?? ????? ???? ???), ??? ?? ?? ?? ??, ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??.

[25] “Space Launch System, planetary exploration get big boosts in NASA budget”. 2018? 3? 23?. 2018? 5? 24?? ???.

[26] “Europa lander concept redesigned to lower cost and complexity”. 2018? 3? 29?. 2018? 5? 24?? ???.

[27] “Report lays out science case for Europa lander”. 2017? 2? 14?. 2018? 5? 24?? ???.

[28] “Community Announcement Regarding Europa Lander Instrument Investigation Program Element Appendix”. 2017? 2?. 2018? 5? 25?? ???.

[29] “Report lays out science case for Europa lander”. 2014? 2? 14?. 2018? 5? 25?? ???.

[30] “Europa Lander Study 2016 Report”. 2018? 5? 25?? ???.

[31] “Here's what NASA's Europa lander could look like”. 2017? 2? 10?. 2018? 5? 25?? ???.

[32] “Report lays out science case for Europa lander”. 2017? 2? 14?. 2018? 5? 25?? ???.

[33] “Europa lander concept redesigned to lower cost and complexity”. 2018? 3? 28?. 2018? 5? 25?? ???.

[34] “NASA Struggles over Deep-Space Plutonium Power”. 2015? 10? 4?. 2018? 5? 25?? ???.

[35] “NASA Struggles over Deep-Space Plutonium Power”. 2015? 10? 4?. 2018? 5? 25?? ???.

[36] ????? ?? ?? ???, ??, ??? ?? ???.

[37] “Modeling radiation degradation in solar cells extends satellite lifetime”. 2018? 5? 25?? ???.

[38] “Abelson & Shirley – Small RPS-Enabled Europa Lander Mission (2005)” (PDF). 2005?. 2016? 3? 4?? ?? ?? (PDF)?? ??? ??. 2018? 5? 25?? ???.

[39] “Report lays out science case for Europa lander”. 2017? 2? 14?. 2018? 5? 25?? ???.

[40] “NASA's audacious Europa missions are getting closer to reality”. 2017? 2? 21?. 2018? 5? 25?? ???.

[41] “Telecommunications systems for the NASA Europa missions”. 2017? 7?. 2018? 5? 25?? ???.

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