湖南多地有雾来扰 23日晚雨水自西向东蔓延
 ?? ?????? ???, ?? ????? ???. | |
| ??[1] | |
|---|---|
| ??? | ????? 10? |
| ??? | 1973? 12? |
| ??[2][3][4] | |
| ??? ??? | 71,492 km |
| ?? ??? | 2.83 × 1020 T·m3 |
| ????? ?? ?? | 417.0 μT (4.170 G) |
| ??? ??? | ~ 10° |
| ??? ?? | ~ 159° |
| ?? ?? | 9h 55m 29.7 ± 0.1s |
| ???[5] | |
| ?? | 400 km/s |
| ??? ???? ?? | 1 nT |
| ??? ?? | 0.4 cm?3 |
| ???[6][7][8] | |
| ?????? ?? | ~ 82 RJ |
| ????? ?? | 50 ~ 100 RJ |
| ?? | ?? 7000 RJ |
| ?? ?? | On+, Sn+, H+ |
| ???? ?? | ??, ???, ??? |
| ?? ??? | ~ 1000 kg/s |
| ?? ???? ?? | 2000 cm?3 |
| ?? ?? ??? | ?? 100 MeV |
| ???[9] | |
| ???? | ??, ????, ???, ??? |
| ? ?? | 100 TW |
| ?? ?? ?? | 0.01 ~ 40 MHz |
??? ???(Magnetosphere of Jupiter)? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????, ?? ????? ??? ????, ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??, ??? ??? ??? ? ?? ? ?????, ????? ??? ???? ??? ? ????. ?? ???? ? ?, ??? ???? ??? ????? ? 18,000? ? ???. ??? ???? 1950?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??????, 1973? ????? 10?? ??? ?? ?????.
?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????. ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????, ? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??. ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??, ??????? ???, ???? ???? ???. ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??, ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???.[6] ??? ??? ? ??? ??? ???, ??? ? ???? ?? ???? ????, ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????. ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ? ?? ??. ??? ???? ????, ????, ???, ??? ? ?? ??? ?????? ?????.
????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????, ??? ? ????? ?? ? ?? ????? ????, ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????, ???? ????? ?????. ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??.
??
[??]
??? ???? ??????, ?????, ?????, ?? ??, ???? ? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???, ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??, ?? ??? ??? ????? ??, ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ? ?? ??? ?? ????. ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???.[10]
??
[??]??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????, ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??, ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??.[3] ???? ??? ???? ??? ????, ??? ?? ???? ???? ????.[2] ????? ??? ???, ???? ??(???? ???? ??? ?)? ????, ???? ??? ???? ??.[11] ??? ????? ????? ??? ? ?? ???? ????, ??? ???? 10?? 1 ??? ???.[2]
???? ???? ????? ? 10° ???? ???, ?? ??(11.3°)? ????.[1][2] ???? ???? ??? 417.0 μT(4.170 G)??,[12] ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? 2.83 × 1020 T·m3?, ???? ??? 20?, ?? ???? 2? ? ?? ???.[13][14][??? 1] ???? ?? ? ??? ?? ??? ???, ?? ??? 9?? 55???. 1970?? ????? ???? ?? ??? 2019??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????, ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????.[15][16] ???? ?? ??? ?? '???'??? ???, ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???, ?? ??? ???? ??? ???, ?? ??? ???? ???? ??.[17]
??? ??
[??]??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??, ???? ?? ????? ???? ???, ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??. ? ??? ?????? ???.[6] ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??,[18] ???? ??? ?? 1700? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? 5?? ?? ???.[18]
??? ???? ?????, ???? ??? ??? ? ?????, ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ???.[6] ?? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ???? 45 ~ 100 RJ??,[6] ??? ??? ?? ????.[19] ????? ???, 80 ~ 130 RJ ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????,[20][21] ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ??.[6]
(1) ??????, (2) ?????, (3) ?????, (4) ???, (5) ?? ??, (6) ?? ??, (7) ????? (???? ?? ? ?????)
?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ? ?? ???? ?????, ?? ?? ???? ???, ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??.[22] ????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????, ? ?? ??? ???, ?? ??? ?? ???? ???, ? ??? ????? ???.[22]
???? ??? ?? ???(?? ?? ??)? ?? ???? ???, ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???, ????? ??? ? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????,[11] ? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????,[22] ???? ????? ?????.[11]
??? ???? ?? ??, ??, ?? ????? ????. ?? ???? ???? 10 RJ ?? ????, ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????. ??(10 ~ 40 RJ)? ??(40 RJ ??)??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???.[6]
??? ??
[??]
??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????, ?? ????? ??? ?? ???.[19] ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???, ? ??? ???? ?? 1,000 kg?? ?????.[7] ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ? ???? ? ? ?? ???? ????, ???? ??? ???? ? ? S+, O+, S2+, O2+ S3+ ????? ????.[23] ? ????? ????? ??? ????, ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???, ?? ?? ???? ????? ???.[7] ?? ? ????? ??? 10 ~ 100 eV(100,000 ~ 1,000,000 K)?, ???? ??? ??? 10 keV(100,000,000 K)?? ??? ??. ?? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??.[24] ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? ??? ??.[25]
????? ???? ?? ??? ? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????,[24] ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???,[6] ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??.[26] ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? 2,000 cm?3????, ?? 35 RJ?? 0.2 cm?3?? ????.[27] ?? 10 RJ ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???, ????? ???? ??? ?? ??,[6] ?? 40 RJ ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????.[28] ??? ??? ? ????? ?? ??? ?? 20 keV (200,000,000 K) ???, ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???,[27] ??? ??? ???? ? ????? ??[29] ?? ???? ????? ????? ??.[7]
????
[??]??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??, ??? ???? ??? ??? ????, ?? ?? ????? ????.[30] ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??, 20 RJ ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????, ?? ??????? ???.[6][31] ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???,[23] ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???, ????? ?? ???? ????.[19] ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???, ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ? ??.[20] ??? ?? ??, ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? 75 RJ?? 42 RJ?? ???? ??.[6]
????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????,[32] ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????. ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ? 9000? ~ 1? 6000? ???? ???? ??.[6][26]
??
[??]??? ? ??? ??
[??]
??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????.[33] ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ? ? ??. ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????, ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???,[11] ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???, ???? ?? ??? ??? ???,[34] ?? ????, ??? ???? ????. ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ? ?? ???, ?? ?? ???? ????,[34] '??'?? ??? ???[??? 2] ????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ?, ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?, ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????.[26] ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ? ????? ?? ???? ????. ? ??? ?? ??? ? ??? ????? ????.[34]
????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ? ? ????.[34] ???? 20 ~ 40 RJ?? ?????, ? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??????.[35] ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? 16 ± 1° ??? ?? ???? ?????, ? ??? ??? ??? ? ? ??? ???? ????.[36] 50 RJ ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???. ??? ? ? ??? ???? 6000? ~ 1? 4000? ???? ???? ??.[26][34]
????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??,[6][25] ? ???? ??? ?, ??? ???? ???? ???? ? ??, ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????.[25]
?? ??? ? ???
[??]??? ???? ??? ??? ? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??, ?? 6 RJ? ??? ????? ?? 50 RJ? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???,[35] ??? ??? ???? ????, ???????? ???-??? ???? ??? ???, ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??.[24] ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???, ???? ?? ????? ??? ??, ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????.[24] ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????. ? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????.[24] ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????.[37]
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??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????,[24] ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ? ???? ????. ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????, ?? ??? ?????.[39] ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???.
?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????, ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????.[35] ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ????, ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????. ???? ???? 2??? 3??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??????, ? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??.[40] ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????, ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????. ? ??? ?? ???? ? ?? ? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????.[40] ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???.[23][41]
??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????,[35] ??? ????? ??? ???? ??. ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????, ? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ???.[42] ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????, ??????? ????? ??? ? ???? ????.[40]
???? ??
[??]
??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????, ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???,[7][43][??? 3] ?? ?????? ?-? ? ??? ? ????? ?? ??? ?????,[26] ?? ? ???? ????? ? ?? ?? ???? ??.[26] ?? ? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???, ? ???? ????? ?? ??.[22] ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??(??? ??)? ????? ????? ??? ? ??.[35][43]
???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????,[44] ?? ??? ??? ? ??? ???? ??.[45] ?????? ??,[4] ????, ??? ??,[46] ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??, ???? ??? ? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????.[40]
??
[??]???
[??]| ?? | ?? | ??? ?? |
|---|---|---|
| ?? (????, <0.3 MHz) | ~1 GW | ? |
| ?? (????, 0.3 ~ 3 MHz) | ~10 GW | ? |
| ?? (????, 3 ~ 40 MHz) | ~100 GW | 0.1 ~ 1 GW (?? DAM) |
| ???? (????, 7 ~ 14 μm) | ~40 TW | 30 ~ 100 GW |
| ???? (H3+, 3 ~ 4 μm) | 4 ~ 8 TW | |
| ???? (0.385 ~ 1 μm) | 10 ~ 100 GW | 0.3 GW |
| ??? (80 ~ 180 nm) | 2 ~ 10 TW | ~50 GW |
| ??? (0.1 ~ 3 keV) | 1 ~ 4 GW | ? |
.png)
??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????. ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ? ????? ?????, ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???, ??? ?? ???? ????. ????? ????, ?? ?? 1000 km ??? ?? ?? ????, ???? 16° ??? ??? ? ??(main oval),[48] ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??, ? ?? ?? ??? ??? ? ??? ?? ? ??.[48][49] ???? ???? ???? ???(3 keV)?? ?? ?? ?????? ????, ?? ????(3 ~ 4 μm, 7 ~ 14 μm)? ???(120 ~ 180 nm)?? ?? ???.[9]
? ??? ??? ? ?? ?? ?? ????, ??? ??? ??? ???? ????[49] ??? ???? ??? ?? ????, ???? ???? ???? ????.[50] ? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????,[51] ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????.[36] ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????,[35] ???? 10 ~ 100 keV??, ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????.[52] ???? ???? ???? ??? ? 10 ~ 100 TW??.[53] ???? ??? ??? ? ??? ?? ??????, ??? ???? ???? 300 TW? ???, ? ???? ???? ??? ????, ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??.[54]
?? ??? ??, ???, ????? ??? ??? ????.[55] ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????, ?? ?? ??? ????? ? ???? ??? ????, ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???. ???? ??? ???? ??? ? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ? ???. ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????.[56] ?????? ???? ???? ???, ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????. ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????, 2019? 6? ? ??? ??????,[57][58] ?? ????? ??? ????? ? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???, ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????.
? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????, ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???,[49] ? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???.[49] ? ?? ?? 2? ??? ????? ???, ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???, ? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??.[59] ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????, ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??, ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ? ????.[35] ? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????, ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???, ?? ???? ???? ??? ? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??. ? ? ??? ??? ????, ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???.[46]
?? ??
[??]??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????. ???? ???? ?? ? ??? 0.3 MHz ??(?? 1 km ??)? ???? ???(KOM), ??? 0.3 ~ 3 MHz (?? 100 ~ 1000 m) ??? ???? ???(HOM), ??? 3 ~ 40 MHz (?? 10 ~ 100 m) ??? ???? ???(DAM)?? ???. ? ? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??????, ? 10?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ? ???. ???? ??? ? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??-DAM??? ???.[60][??? 4]
??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? '?????? ???? ???'??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??. ? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????, ? ? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????, ?? ??? ?????, ?????? ????? ??? ????. ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??.[61] ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????, ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???, ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??. ???? ????? ? ?? ??? 100 GW, ????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? 10 GW ????. ???, ??? ?? ???? ? 0.1 GW??.[60]
????? ?? ? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???, ??? ???? ????.[62] ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??. ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????, ??? ??? ??? ?? ???, ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??.[62] ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ? ??? ???.[60]
????? ????? ??? ?????, ??? 0.1 ~ 15 GHz(?? 3 m ~ 2 cm)?, ???? ???(DIM)?? ??? ??.[63] ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????, ??? ???? 0.1 ~ 100 MeV??,[64] ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? 1 ~ 20 MeV??.[8] ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???, 1960?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ? ?????.[65] ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???,[29] ? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??(>> 1 keV), ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??.
??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????, ?? ???? ??? ??.[66] ??? ??? ? ???? ???? ???, ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????. ? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???.[62]
?? ? ???? ????
[??]
??? ???? ??? ???? ?? 4? ??? ??? ??.[67] ? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???, ??? ? ????? ???? ????? ??, ????? ??? ????? ????? ??. ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????.[68] ????? ????? ??, ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???, ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????.[69]
?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? 10 keV ??? ???? ??? ?????,[70] ?? ?? ????? ??? ???, ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??. ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? 11?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??????.[70] ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??, ???? ?? ?????, ???? ??? ??? ??? ????.[71] ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??(1.4 ~ 1.71 RJ)? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????. ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ? ??? ???,[72] ?? ??? ? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?, 1.71 RJ ???? 3:2 ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????.[??? 5] ??? ??? ?? ??? 1.4 RJ? 2:1 ??? ??? ???? ????.[73]
???? ?? ???? ?? 0.01 ~ 1 nbar? ?? ??? ??, ?? ??? 1,000 ~ 10,000 cm?3? ???? ??? ? ???,[67] ??? ??? ????? ? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????, ??? ??(Alfvén wing)?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????.[74] ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????, ??? ??? 74 ~ 328 km/s? ???? ??[??? 6] ??????? ????? ???.[75] ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????, ??? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????. ? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ? ???? ??? ???, ?? ???? ????? ????. ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ? ?? ???? ????? ????.[67] ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??, ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ? ??.[76]
?? ??? ???, ????, ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?????, ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????.[67] ?? ?? ???? ? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???, ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???, ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ? ??? ??????.[77]
???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???.[77] ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? 2? ?? ?? ??? ???, ??? ?? ???? ?????. ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????, ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????, ? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???.[78] ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??, ????? ????.[79] ??, ????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ? ???? ???? ????? ??.[78]
?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??. ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ? ???,[80] ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????.[81] ??????? ? ? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???.[82] ??, ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????.[69] ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??, ???? ?????, ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???, ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????. ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????.[83] ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??, ??? ??, ???, ??? ??? ? ??, ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ? ??.[83] ??? ?? ? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????, ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??.[80]
??
[??]
??? ???? ????? ??? 1955? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????,[84] ??? 40 MHz?? ???? ???, ??? ?? 1 ????? (10 ???)? ???? ????? ? ??? ??? ? ?? ?????.[63]
1959? ????? ??(0.1–10 GHz)??? ?? ??, ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????,[85] ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???, ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ? ???.[7]
1973??? 100? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ? ????, ???? ??? 10° ??? ??? ???.[18] 1964? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????, ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ? ???.[4] 1973? 12? ????? 10?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????.[1][??? 7]
1970? ??? ??
[??]
2009? ??[update], ??? ??? ???? 8?? ???, ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????. ??? ?? ??? ???? 1973? 12?? ????? 10??, ?? ????[1] 2.9 RJ ??? ?? ????.[18] ??? ???? ????? 11?? 1? ? ??? ? ??? ?? ???, 1.6 RJ ???? ?????.[18]
????? 10?? ?? ????? 20 RJ ??? ????,[6] ????? 200,000 ??, ?????? 56,000 ??? ???.[86][??? 8] ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? 10? ? ??? ???, ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????, ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???, ???? ???? ???, ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????. ?? ????? 11?? ????? ?? ?? ???? '?? ??'? ??, ??? ??? ?? ??? ???. ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ? ??? ??? ?????.[30]
??? 1?? 2?? 1979?~1980?? ??? ?????, ?? ???? ????? ????. ??? 1?? ?? ???? 5 RJ ??? ??? ?????,[18] ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????,[6] ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??, ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ? ?? ???? ?????.[87] ??? 2?? 10 RJ ??? ?????,[18] ?? ???? ?????. ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????, ???? ? ??? ?????.[6]
1995??? 2003??? ??? ??? ???? ???? 100 RJ? ??? ?? ??? ??????, ?? ?? ? ?? ??? ?????.[6] ???? ???? ??? ???, ?? ??? ??? ???. ??, ??????? ??? ???, ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???, 16??, 18??, 33?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????. ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????.[88]
2000? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????,[6] 2007? ? ?????? 2500 RJ ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????.[38] 2016? 7? ?? ???? ? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?????.[89] ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???, ? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????.[6]
2003? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? (Human Outer Planets Exploration, HOPE) ??? ??????, ???? ???? ???? ???, ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????. ??, ???, ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??, ???? ?? ? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??.[90]
2010? ??? ??
[??]
2011? ??? ?? ???? 2016? ??? ??????, ???? ???? ??? ? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??.[91]
?? ??? ? ??? ? ??? ???? ???? ????. ????? ?? ?? 48??? ???? ???, ?? ??? ? ??(8.6 RJ)????. ????, ?? ???? ? ??? ??? ??????, ??, ??? ?? ??? ? ?? ??? ?? ????. ...
—?〈A Wave Investigation for the Juno Mission to Jupiter〉[92]
??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????, ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??. 2017? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??(???? ??)? ???? ???? ??? ????.[93]
2023? 4? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????, ???????? ?? 4?? ????? ??? ??? ????.
??
[??]- ???
- ↑ ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????, ??? ???? ??? ? 11???.
- ↑ ??? ??? ???? '??'? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????, ???? ???? ??? ?? ????.
- ↑ ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??.[7]
- ↑ ???? ??? ?? DAM? HOM? ? ??? ????, ??-DAM?? ?? ???.[60]
- ↑ ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????. ?? ? ??? ????? m:n (???) ??? ??? ??, ?? m:n ????? ???. ?? ?? 3:2 ??? ??, ???? 1.71 RJ ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? 3? ? ?? ???? 2? ????? ???.[73]
- ↑ ???? ?? ????? ???? ???, ??? ???? ???? ???.
- ↑ ????? 10??? ?? ???? ?? ??, ??? ???? ?? ??? ? ???. ????? 10?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????.[1]
- ↑ ???, ??? ???? ? 500 ????.
- ???
- ↑ ? ? ? ? ? Smith, 1974
- ↑ ? ? ? ? Khurana, 2004, pp. 3–5
- ↑ ? ? Russel, 1993, p. 694
- ↑ ? ? ? Zarka, 2005, pp. 375–377
- ↑ Blanc, 2005, p. 238 (Table III)
- ↑ ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Khurana, 2004, pp. 1–3
- ↑ ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Khurana, 2004, pp. 5–7
- ↑ ? ? Bolton, 2002
- ↑ ? ? Bhardwaj, 2000, p. 342
- ↑ Khurana, 2004, pp. 12–13
- ↑ ? ? ? ? Kivelson, 2005, pp. 303–313
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