从这份招股书来看 新兴中产阶级的信贷需求是什么样?
百度 据悉,此次空难发生前,有2架乌克兰军机被击落,多家航空公司已经收到飞行危险警告。 | |||||||
??? 2?? ?? ???. | |||||||
?? | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
??? | ??? ???? ? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? | ||||||
?? | 1846? 9? 23? | ||||||
?? ?? (??? J2000) | |||||||
? ??? | 4,498,252,900 km 30.068 963 48 AU | ||||||
?? | 155,600 km | ||||||
?? ?? | 28.263 Tm 188.925 AU | ||||||
??? | 0.008 585 87 | ||||||
??? | 4,459,631,496 km 29.810 795 27 AU | ||||||
??? | 4,536,874,325 km 30.327 131 69 AU | ||||||
?? ?? | 60,223.3528 d (164.88 a) | ||||||
?? ?? | 367.49 d | ||||||
?? ?? ?? | 5.432 km/s | ||||||
?? ?? ?? | 5.479 km/s | ||||||
?? ?? ?? | 5.385 km/s | ||||||
?? ?? | 1.769 17° (?? ???? 6.43°) | ||||||
??? ?? | 131.721 69° | ||||||
??? ?? | 273.249 66° | ||||||
?? ? | 14? | ||||||
??? ?? | |||||||
?? ?? | 49,528 km [1] (??? 3.883?) | ||||||
? ?? | 48,681 km (??? 3.829?) | ||||||
??? | 0.0171 | ||||||
??? | 7.619×10 | 9km2||||||
?? | 6.254×10 (??? 57.74?) | 13 km3||||||
?? | 1.0243×10kg (??? 17.147?) | 26 ||||||
?? ?? | 1.638 g/cm3 | ||||||
?? ?? (1 bar) |
11.15 m/s2 (1.14 g) | ||||||
?? ?? | 23.5 km/s | ||||||
?? ?? | 16.11 h (16 h 6 min 36 s) 1 | ||||||
?? ?? | 2.68 km/s = 9660 km/h (?? ??) | ||||||
??? ??? | 28.32° | ||||||
??? ?? | 299.33° (19 h 57 min 20 s) | ||||||
??? ?? | 42.95° | ||||||
??? | 0.41 | ||||||
??? ?? | +7.78 ~ +8.0 | ||||||
?? ?? |
| ||||||
?? ?? | |||||||
??? | ?100 MPa | ||||||
?? - H2 | 80% ±3.2% | ||||||
?? - He | 19% ±3.2% | ||||||
??? - CH4 | 1.5% ±0.5% | ||||||
??? - HD | 192 ppm | ||||||
??? - C2H6 | 1.5 ppm |
???(海王星, ???: Neptunus)? ???? 8? ?? ? ?? ?? ????. ??(海王)? ‘??? ?’??? ????, ????(??? ???) ?? ????(?? ???)? ??? ???. ???? 8? ?? ??? ????? 4??? ??, ????? 3??? ??. ???? ??? ??? 17??, ??? ??? ? 15?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ? ???.[2] ???? ??? ?? ??? 45? 1,300? km(30.1 AU)??, ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? 30?? ????. ?? ??? ????? ?????(???)? ???? ??.
???? ???? ? ? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ? ??? ????.[3] ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????. ? ? 1840??? ??? ????? ? ??? ??? ????, 1846?? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????. ?? ?? ???? ?1??? ???? ??????, ??? 13?? ???? 19??? ? ??? ???? ???. ???? ??? ???? 1989? 8? 25?? ???? ?? ??? ??? 2? ?????.
???? ?? ??? ???? ? ????, ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????. ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???, ?, ????, ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????. ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??.[4] ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????.[5] ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??.[6]
???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??. 1989?, ??? 2?? ??? ?? ?? ? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ? ?? ? ????. ?? ?? ???? ?? 2,100km ???, ????? ?? ??? ???? ????.[7] ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ? ????, ???? ???? ?? ?218 °C(55 K)? ???. ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? 5000 °C(5400 K)??.[8][9] ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???, 1960??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? 1989?? ??? 2?? ??? ?? ??? ?????.[10]
??? ??? ??
[??]??
[??]???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? 1612? 12? 28?? 1613? 1? 27?? ???? ? ?? ??. ??? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??????,[11] ???? ????? ??? ??? ???. 1612? 12?? ? ?? ?? ???? ? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???. ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???.[12] ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? 2009? 7??, ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ????.[13]
1821?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??, ???? ??? ?? ???? ????.[14] ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????, ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???.[15] 1843??? ? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???, ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????. ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????, ???? ????? ??? ? ????. ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????, ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???.[16][17]

????? ??? 1845?? 1846??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????, ?? ?????? ? ??? ?? ???. ??? 6?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????, ??? ? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????. ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????. ??? ???? 8?? 9? ?? ??? ?? ????? ? ??? ???.[15][18]

? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????. ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ? ??? ???? ????. ????? ??? ??? 1846? 9? 23? ?? ?? ??, ???? ????? ??? ???? 1° ??? ??, ???? ??? ???? 12° ??? ???? ?????. ?? ???? ??? 8?? ??? ? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ? ????.[15][19]
??? ????, ?? ?? ?????, ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????. ?? ????? ??? ? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????. ??? 1998?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????[? 1], 〈??? ??〉("Neptune papers"; ?? ???? ???? ??? ??)? ?????? ????? ? ??? ?? ??? ??.[20][21] ??? ??? ?, ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????. ??? ???? 1966??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??. 1992?, ?? 《??》(Dio)?? ???? ??? ??? "????"? ????.[22] "???? ??? ? ?? ???, ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???."[? 2] 〈?? ?? ??: ????? ???? ???!〉??? ?[23] ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???.[24][25]
??
[??]???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? "??? ?? ??"?? "????? ??"??? ???. ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????, ?? ‘???’('Janus')?? ??? ????. ??, ??????? ???? ‘?????’(Oceanus)?? ??? ????.[26]
????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ‘??’(Neptune)??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??.[27] ??? 10?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ‘????’(Le Verrier)?? ????? ???, ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????. ??? ? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????.[28] ???? ???? ?? ???? ? ??? ?? ?? ??? ? ‘??’(Herschel)??? ???? ?????, ?? ??? ??? ??? ‘????’?? ????.[29] 1846? 12? 29?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ‘??’? ????? ???,[30] ? ‘??’??? ??? ????? ???? ???. ?? ???? ????? ??? ???, ??? ??? ????? ???? ???.[31]
??? ???? ???? ? ??? ‘??’??? ??? ???, ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ‘??’? ??? ??? ????. ??? ?? ?????, ???, ???, ???, ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ‘???’(海王星)??? ???.[32]
??
[??]1840??? ?????? 1930???? ???? ??? ??? ?????. 1930?? ???? ?????? ????, 1979??? 1999??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? 20? ??? ????? ??? ? ?? ??? ???.[33] ???, 1992?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????.[34][35] 2006?, ??????? ??? "??"??? ?? ??? ??? ?????, ???? "???"?? ??????. ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???.[36]
??? ??
[??]
???? ??? 1.0243×10kg??[1], ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????. ??? ??? 17???? ??? 1/19? ????.[? 3]
26???? ?? ???? 24,764km?[37] ??? ?? 4???. ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?, ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ? ???? ??? ?? ???, ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??.[38] ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ? ??? '???(族)'?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? '????'?? ??? ??.[39]
??
[??]???? ?? ??? ???? ????. ?? ??? 5 ~ 10%, ???? ??? ??? 10 ~ 20%? ??? ????, ???? ? 10 GPa??. ??? ?????? ???, ????, ?? ???? ?? ?????.[8]

1. ???? ???? ?? ?? ??
2. ??, ??, ??? ??? ??? ???? ??
3. ?, ????, ??? ??? ??? ???? ??
4. ?? ??? ???? ?
? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? 2,000 K ~ 5,000 K? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????. ???? ??? ??? 10 ~ 15 ?????? ?? ????, ???? ????.[3] ? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? "??"??? ???. ?? ???? ?? ? ??? ?????? ??(water-ammonia ocean)?? ???? ??.[40] ??? ?? 7,000 km ??? ???? ??? ? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??.[41]
???? ?? ??, ??, ????? ???? ???, ?? ????? ?? ??? 1.2?? ????.[42] ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? 7 Mbar (700 GPa), ??? 5,400 K? ???.[8][9]
??
[??]?? ???? ??? ??? 80%? ??, 19%? ????.[43] ???? ???? ?????, ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? 600 nm ???? ???? ???? ????. ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??, ?? ?? ?? ???.[44] ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??. ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????, ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????.[6]
???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???, ? ???? ?? ???. ? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?? 0.1 ? (10 kPa)? ??? ????.[4] ???? ??? 10?5 ~ 10?4 ????? (1 ~ 10 Pa) ??? ??? ??? ???.[4] ??? ?? ????? ????.

???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ? ??. ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? 1 ? ??? ???? ????, 1 ? ~ 5 ?(100 ~ 500 kPa) ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????. 5 ? ??? ????? ????, ?? ???, ?? ??, ?? ???? ??? ?????. ? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? 0 °C? ???? ? 50 ?(5.0 MPa)? ???? ???? ??? ???. ??, ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????.[45]
???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??[? 4]? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??. ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????. ? ??? ????? ??? ? 50–150 km?? ?? ?? ? ? 50–110 km ??? ???? ??.[46]
???? ????? ? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???, ? ???·???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??.[4][8] ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ? ??.[4][47] ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??.[4]
???? ??? ? 750 K??? ???? ??? ?????, ? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???.[48][49] ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???. ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??. ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??. ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???, ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ? ??? ???.[45][47]
???
[??]???? ? ???? ???? ????. ???? ???? ???? 47° ???? ???, ???? 0.55? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ? 13500 km ??? ??? ??? ???. ??? 2?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?????. ??? ? ??? ???? ??? ??, ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??. ? ?? ?? ??? ??(????, ???, ?? ???? ??)? ???? ?? ?? ? ??? ???? ??? ???, ? ???? ??? ????? ???.[45][50]
???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ? 14 ???????(0.14G)??.[51] ???? ??? ?? ???? ? 2.2 × 1017 T·m3 (14 μT·RN3, ??? RN? ???? ???)??. ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ? ??? ????? ????? ? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??. ?? ??, ??, ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ? ???? ??. ???? ? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ? ??.[52][53]
???? ??? ???? ???? ?? 34.9? ???? ????. ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?? 23 ~ 26.5? ??? ??. ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? 72? ???? ??? ???, ? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??.[54]
??
[??]???? ???? ?? ? ??? ?? ????. ??? 2?? 1986? ???? ?? ???? ? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???. ??? 1989? ??? 2?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????, ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ? ???.[55]

???? ?? ? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ? ? ??. ???? ??? ?? 600??? ???? ??? ?????, ?? ??? ? ?? ??? ?????.[57] ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ? ???, ??? ??? ?? ? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? 20?? ???? ?? ???? ?? 325?? ???? ????.[58] ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? 400??, ?? ??? ?? ?? 250??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??.[45] ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????.[59] ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????, ??? ????? ?????. ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ‘?? ??’? ?? ???, ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???.[4] ??? ?? 70?? ?? ??? ?? 300?? ??? ????.[4]
?? ? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? 10~100? ? ??. ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????.[4]
2007? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? 10? ? ??? ??? ????(??? ??? ?? ?? 200? ????).[60] ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??(??? ?? ???? ?? ??)? ?????? ??? ???? ??. ??? ??? ‘??’? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????, ???? 1? ? ??? 4/4??(?? ???? ? 40???)? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????. ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ? ??? ??? ??.[61]

??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ? ?? ? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??. ? ??? 1980??? ?????? 2020???? ?? ??? ??? ???. ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? 40?? ??.[62]
??
[??]
1989?, ?? ?????? ??? 2? ???? ????? ?? 13000×6600 km? ???? ?? ??? ???(The Great Dark Spot)? ????.[55] ? ??? ??? ???? ???. ??? 5? ?? 1994? 11? 2?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???. ?? ???? ??? ? ??? ??? ????? ?????.[63]
????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??, ???(Scooter)? ??. ????? ??? ??? 2?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???.[59] ???(The Small Dark Spot)? ???? ???? ????, 1989? ?? ?? ? ??? ???? ????. ???? ???? ??? ??????, ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???, ???? ???? ???? ? ?? ??? ? ??.[64]
???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???,[65] ? ??? ?? ???? ? ???? ??? ? ??. ? ? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???, ???? ??? ???? ??? ????.[46] ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???,[66] ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ? ??? ?? ????. ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ? ??.[67]
???
[??]???? ???? ?, ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???.[68] ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? 50% ? ??, ???? ???? ?? ???? 40%?? ?? ????,[4] ? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??.[68] ???? ???? ???? ?221.4 °C (51.7 K)? ????, ??? 1 bar (100 kPa) ?? ?? ????? ??? ?201.15 °C (72.0 K)??.[69] ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????. ???? ????? ? ?? ??? ???? ????, ???? ?? ? ??. ???? ???? ?? ???? 1.1?? ????? ??,[70] ???? ????? ?? ???? 2.61?? ????.[71] ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??. ? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??????, ? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???,[72] ???? ???? ??, ?????, ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?,[72][73] ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?[74][75] ?? ??.
??? ??
[??]
???? ??? ?? ??? 45? 5?? ????? 30.1??????. ???? ??? 1? ?? ? ??? ??? 164.79???. ???? 2011? 7? 12??? 1846? ?? ????? ? ??? ????? ??.[76][77] ??? ? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? 1846?? ? ??? ???, ? ??? ??? ?? ??? 2011? 7? 12?? ?? ??? ??? ????.
???? ?????? ??? ?? 1.77? ???? ??. ???? ?? ???? 0.011?, ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? 1? 1?? ????? ?? ?? ???.[78]
???? ??? ???? 28.32??[79] ??? 23?, ??? 25?? ????. ? ?? ??, ???? ???? 1? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????. ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? 40?? ????.[62] ???? ?? ??? ? 16.11 ????.[76] ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ? ??? ???? 1 ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???.
???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???. ?? ??? ?? ??? 18?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? 16.1???? ???. ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? 12?? ??? ?? ???. ???? ?? ??? ? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??.[80] ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??.[46]
?? ??
[??]
??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???. ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????, ????? ????? ?????? ?? 30AU ~ 55AU? ?? ??, ?? ?? ?? ????.[81] ??? ??? ????? ????? ? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????. ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????, ??? ? ?? ?? ?? ?????. 40AU ~ 42AU ?? ??? ? ???.[82]
??? ? ? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ? ??. ???? ?? ??? ? ??? ?? ??? 1:2? 3:4? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???. ?, ???? ??? ? ?? ??? ? ??? ??? ??? ? ?? ?????, ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??. ?? ???? 200? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???,[83] ??? ?? ???? 2:3?? ??, ? ???? 3? ??? ?? 2? ????, ????? ?? ????.[84] ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????, ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???.[85] ??, 3:4, 3:5, 4:7, 2:5 ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???.[86]
???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???, ???? ??? ???? L4?????? ????.[87] ??? ?????? ???? 1:1? ????, ????? ??? ??? ???? ??. ??, ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???. ?? ??, ???? L5?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? 2008 LC18? ???? ???? ????.[88]
???? ??? ?? ??
[??]
a) ??, ??? 2:1 ?? ?? ??.
b) ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????.
c) ??? ??? ? ???? ??? ???? ?????.
????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???. ?? ????, ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ????? ? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? ??. ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?????. ? ? ??? ?? ?? ???? ? ???? ???? ?? ???, ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ? ??? ?? ??? OB? ??? ?? ???? ? ??? ?????? ??? ??.[89]
??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???, ??? ?? ??? ?????, ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???.[90] ?? ? "?? ? ??" ??? ??? ???, ? ??? ? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????.[91] ?? ? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??[92][93][94] ?? ????, ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????.
??
[??]- ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????.

???? ???? ???? 14?? ?????.[1][95] ?1?? ???? 14? ??? ? ????? ?? ???, ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ? 99.5% ??? ????,[? 5] ????? ??? ??? ? ?? ?? ??? ? ??? ??? ????. ???? ???? ???? ?? 17? ?? ??? ??? ????. ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????, ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???. ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???.[96] ?? ???? ??? ??? ? ??? ???? ??? ???, ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??. 3? 6?? ? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ? ???.[97] ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ? ?? ??? ?? ? ???,[98] ??? ???? ?235 °C (38 K)??.[99]

? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????, ???? ??? ? ??? ???? ?? ? ?? ? ????. ???? 0.7512 ???, ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? 7?? ??.[? 6]
1989? 7??? 9??? ??? 2?? ???? ??? 6? ? ????.[54] ? ? ??? ? ??? ? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?, ?? ???? ??? ??? ? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???.[100] ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ? ??? ???? ?? 4?? 1?? ?? ???. ???? ?? ??? ?? ? ?? ????, ???, ????, ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????. ? ? ??? ???? ?? ???? 1981?? ?? ???? ?????. ? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??????, ??? 2?? 1989?? ???? ??? ??, ?? ??? ??? ???? ????. 2002? ~ 2003? ?? 5?? ??? ??? ? ???? 2004?? ?????.[101][102] ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???, ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????.[31]
?? ??
[??]
????? ?? ?? ??? ???, ??? ????? ?? ????. ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ? ?? ???? ???, ? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ? ??.[103] ??? ????? 63,000 km ?? ?? ?? ??? ??, 53,000 km ?? ?? ???? ??, ??? 42,000 km ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ? ???. ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??, ????? 57,000 km ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????.[104]
? ?? ??? 1968?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?????,[105][106] ?? ??? ???? ? ??? ?????.[107] 1984? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????,[100] ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????.[108] 1989?? ??? 2?? ??? ??? ? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ? ??? ?????. ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???,[109] ? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????.[110]
?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????, ?? ‘???’(Courage; ??), ‘????’(Liberté; ??), ‘???? 1·2’(Egalité; ??), ‘??????’(Fraternité; ??)?? ??????.[111] ?? ??? ??? ? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???. ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??.[112][113]
2005??? ???? ??? ??, ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ? ?????? ??? ????. W. M. ? ???? 2002?? 2003?? ??? ????, ??? 2?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?, ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???. ??, ??? ??? ???? ??? ? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???.[114]
??? ??
[??]???? ??? ?? +7.7? +8.0 ???, ????? ?? ? ? ??.[1][115] ??, ? 1? ?? ??? +7.0 ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ? ?? ????? ??? ???. ??? ??? ??? ???? ??, ??? ???, ??? ???, 2 ???, ???, ??, ????? ??? ???.[? 7] ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???.[116]
???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? 2.2 ~ 2.4???? ?? ???,[1][115] ???? ??? ? ?? ?? ???. ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???. ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????.[? 8][118] ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? 1997? ????? ?????. ????? ??? ??, ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??. 1990?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??. 2004?? 2005?, ???? ??? 5?? ?? ??? ??? 38km?? 61km ???? ?????. ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????. ? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????.
??? ??
[??]
??? 2?? 1989? 8? 25?? ???? ?? ??? ????. ???? ???? ??? ? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? 1?? ??? ? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????. ?? ??? 2?? ??? ??? ???? 1989? PBS? ?? ???? 《??? ????》(Neptune All Night)? ??? ???.[119]

??? ?? ??, ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? 246?? ???. ??? ???, ??? 2?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ? ?? ???. 8? 25?, ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? 4400 km ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ? ?? ? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???.[120]
???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????, ? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????, ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????. ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????, ?? ?? ??? ? ? ??? ??? ?? ?????.[54][120]
2003?, ?? ?????? "?? ??? ??"(Vision Missions Studies)? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???-???? ? ??? ??? ? "??? ???? ???"(Neptune Orbiter with Probes)? ????? ??? ????. ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????,[121] ?????.[122]
?? ????(Neptune Odyssey)? ?? NASA? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????, 2031??? 2033? ??? ??? 2049??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????.[123]
?? ??
[??]??
[??]- ↑ ?? ??? ???? ? ??? ??? ?????, ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????.
- ↑ ??: "Adams had done some calculations but he was rather unsure about quite where he was saying Neptune was"
- ↑ ??? ??? 5.9736×1024 kg?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ? ??: ???? ??? 8.6810×10 25 kg?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ? ??. ??? ??? 1.8986×10 27kg?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ? ??. Williams, David R. (2007? 11? 29?). "Planetary Fact Sheet – Metric". NASA. Archived
- ↑ ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??.
- ↑ ???? ??: 2.14×10 22 kg. ?? 12? ???? ??? ??: 7.53×10 19 kg. ??? ??: ???? ??.
- ↑
- ↑ ??? ??? ??? ??? ??: ?? +5.02, ??? +5.29, ???? +4.61, ???? +5.65, ??? +6.7
- ↑ 1977???, ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???.[117]
??
[??]- ↑ ? ? ? ? ? Williams, David R. (2004? 9? 1?). “Neptune Fact Sheet”. NASA. 2007? 8? 14?? ???.
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|url=
? ?? ?? (???) (PDF). University of Rostock. 2008? 2? 25?? ???.|url=
? templatestyles stripmarker? ??(?? 77) (???)[?? ??(?? ?? ??)] - ↑ Wilford, John N. (1982? 6? 10?). “Data Shows 2 Rings Circling Neptune”. The New York Times. 2008? 2? 29?? ???.
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- ↑ Moore (2000):207.
- ↑ Cruikshank, D. P. (1978? 3? 1?). “On the rotation period of Neptune”. 《Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor》 (University of Chicago Press) 220: L57–L59. doi:10.1086/182636. 2008? 3? 1?? ???.
- ↑ Max, C. (1999? 12?). “Adaptive Optics Imaging of Neptune and Titan with the W.M. Keck Telescope”. 《Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society》 (American Astronomical Society) 31: 1512. 2008? 3? 1?? ???.
- ↑ Phillips, Cynthia (2003? 8? 5?). [Phillips, Cynthia (2003? 8? 5?). “Fascination with Distant Worlds”. SETI Institute. 2007? 11? 3?? %5d[%5b%5b????:?? ??|?? ??%5d%5d] ?? ??
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? ?? ?? (???)?? ??? ??. 2007? 10? 3?? ???.|url=
? templatestyles stripmarker? ??(?? 58) (???) ][?? ??] “Fascination with Distant Worlds”]|url=
? ?? ?? (???). SETI Institute. 2007? 10? 3?? ???.|url=
? templatestyles stripmarker? ??(?? 316) (???) - ↑ ? ? Burgess (1991):46–55.
- ↑ Spilker, T. R.; Ingersoll, A. P. (2004). “Outstanding Science in the Neptune System From an Aerocaptured Vision Mission”. 《Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society》 (American Astronomical Society) 36: 1094. 2008? 2? 26?? ???.
- ↑ “Planetary Science” (PDF). NASA. 2017? 5? 10?? ?? ?? (PDF)?? ??? ??. 2016? 9? 3?? ???.
- ↑ Abigail Rymer; Brenda Clyde; Kirby Runyon (August 2020). "Neptune Odyssey: Mission to the Neptune-Triton System ??? 2025-08-05 - ??? ??" (PDF). 2022? 1? 21?
?? ??
[??]- NASA's Neptune fact sheet
- "Neptune." ??? 2025-08-05 - ??? ?? Smith, Bradford A. World Book Online Reference Center. 2004. World Book, Inc. (NASA.gov)
- Neptune from Bill Arnett's nineplanets.org
- Neptune Astronomy Cast episode #63, includes full transcript.
- Neptune Profile ??? 2025-08-05 - ??? ?? by NASA's Solar System Exploration
- Planets – Neptune A kid's guide to Neptune.
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- “???”. 《??????》.
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