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35岁属相是什么生肖

????, ?? ??? ????.
????
Skeletal formula of squalene
Spacefill model of squalene
Ball and stick model of squalene
??
???
(6E,10E,14E,18E)-2,6,10,15,19,23-Hexamethyltetracosa-2,6,10,14,18,22-hexaene[1]
???
3D ?? (JSmol)
3DMet
1728919
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.003.479
EC ??
  • 203-826-1
KEGG
MeSH Squalene
RTECS ??
  • XB6010000
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C30H50/c1-25(2)15-11-19-29(7)23-13-21-27(5)17-9-10-18-28(6)22-14-24-30(8)20-12-16-26(3)4/h15-18,23-24H,9-14,19-22H2,1-8H3/b27-17+,28-18+,29-23+,30-24+ ??
    Key: YYGNTYWPHWGJRM-AAJYLUCBSA-N ??
  • InChI=1/C30H50/c1-25(2)15-11-19-29(7)23-13-21-27(5)17-9-10-18-28(6)22-14-24-30(8)20-12-16-26(3)4/h15-18,23-24H,9-14,19-22H2,1-8H3
  • CC(=CCC/C(=C/CC/C(=C/CC/C=C(/CC/C=C(/CCC=C(C)C)\C)\C)/C)/C)C
??
C30H50
? ?? 410.730 g·mol?1
??? Pale yellow, translucent liquid
?? 0.858 g cm?3
??? ?5 °C (23 °F; 268 K)[3]
??? 285 °C (545 °F; 558 K) at 3.3 kPa[2]
log P 12.188
?? 12 cP (at 20 °C)
??
NFPA 704 (??? ?????)
NFPA 704 four-colored diamondFlammability code 1: Must be pre-heated before ignition can occur. Flash point over 93 °C (200 °F). E.g. canola oilHealth code 1: Exposure would cause irritation but only minor residual injury. E.g. turpentineReactivity code 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogenSpecial hazards (white): no code
1
1
0
??? 110 °C (230 °F; 383 K)
?? ??? ??? ????, ????(25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa)?? ??? ??? ???.
?????? ?? (?? ?? ???????? ?)
百度 那么这么一款实力不俗的新车，到底多少钱呢？在广州车展开展前几天，其正式售价为万元一经发布，就在网上引来阵阵掌声，满满的诚意获得网友认可。

????(Squalene)? ????, ???, ???? ?, ??, ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????(C30H50)?? ??? ?? ???? ????. ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????. ????? ???? ????? ???? ???D, ???, ?????? ????? ????. ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??.

????? ????

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1976?? ??(Liu) ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????. ???? 475 μg/g (????)? ?? ?? ?????, ? ??? ?????? 275 μg/g, ? 75μg/g, ?? 42μg/g?? ?? ??? ??? ?????. ?? ?? ?? ??? 6~12% ????? ???? ??.[4]

????? ??

[??]

1916? ???? ??? ??(肝油)?? ?????. ??? ????? ??? ??? ??, ????? ???? ??? ??? ? 1g? ????.

????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??, ???, ?? ???? ???? ??. ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???, ????? ???? 400~450mg/100g? ????? ???? ???? ???? 700mg/100g? ??? ??. ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ???? 30mg ????. ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? 400mg? ????? ????. ??? ??? ??(肝油)? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????, ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??.

????? ??

[??]

????? ???(free radicals)? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??. ??, ?? ? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??. ???, ??, ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ? ??? ????. 1997? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????.

????

[??]

????? ????? C30H50?? ?? trans ??? ??????????. ????????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???.

?? ???

[??]

????? ??? ????(C30H50)? ?? ????? ???? C30H62? ??. ? ?? ???? 3?? ??(O2)? ????.

C30H50 (squalene) + 6 H2O (water) → C30H62 + 3 O2 (oxygen)

? ??? ???? ????, ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ? ??.  

[??? ????] ???? [squalene] (?????)

??? ??

[??]

????? ??? ??? 1968? Rao MK? ???? ?????[5].

1972? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????[6], 1995? ????? ??? ?? ???? singlet oxygen? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????[7].

2001? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????[8]. 2005? ???? ??? ???? ? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????[9].??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??.

2002? ?? ???? 4? ?? ?? ???? 10g ? ??? ? ?? ??? ??? ?? HDL ??? ????? ?? ???? MDA ??? ???? ?????[10].

?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???. ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ? ??? ????? ?????.

??? ??? ?? ????

[??]

?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????. ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????.

  • ???? ???? 5-Fluorouracil? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??. 5-FU? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?, ?? ???, ?? ???, ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? 5-FU ? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???[11].
  • ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???, ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????(GSH)? ??? ?????. ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????, ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???[12].
  • ??????????(Cyclophosphamide, CP)? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????. CP? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????(0.4 ml/day/rat)? ?? ????, ???, ???? ??? ??(SOD, CAT, GPx, GST, GR)? ???? ????(GSH, Vit.E, Vit.C, ceruloplasmin)? ????? CP? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????[13].
  • ??????????(Cyclophosphamide, CP)? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ? ?? ??? ???? CK, LDH, AST, ALT, ALP ? ??? urea, creatinine and total bilirubin ? ?????. CP ??? ???? ??? CK, LDH, AST, ALT, ALP, urea, creatinine and total bilirubin ? ????? ?? ?????, ????? ????? CK, LDH, AST, ALT, ?? ??? ?????. ???? ??, ??, ? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ? ??[14].
  • ??????????(Cyclophosphamide, CP)? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??, ??, ??? ??? ????. CP? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????. ??, ??, ????? ??? ??? ?????, ?????? ???? ?? ? ??? ??? ??? ???[15].
  • ????? Plantinum (Cisplatin, Carboplatin) ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????. ?? ??????? ??? glutathione peroxidase/glutathione-S-transferase ? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???. ??, ??????(neuroblastoma), ????(small cell carcinoma), ?? ??????(medulloblastoma) ???? ?? ???? ???? plantinum????? ???? ??? ???? ???[16].
  • ???????(adriamycin)? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ? ?? ???? ??. ????????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? 1.5%? 21? ?? ?????. ????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???, ?????, ????, ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???[17].

?? ???? ? ???? ?? ????

[??]

????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????. ??? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?????, ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????, ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????. ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????, ?????? , ???? ???? ????? ????? ??.(??? ?, 2000).[18]

  • PCB(polychlorinated biphenyl)? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????. ? PCB? 100mg/kg ??? ?? ?? ?????? 48?? ?? ????? ???(0%, 3%, 6%)? ??? ?? ?????. 3? ? ????, ?, ??? ???? PCB ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ? ????? PCB ??? ?????. ? ??? ????? ?? PCB? ? ??? ??? ? ??? ????[19].
  • ?? ?? ?(30 mg/kg)? ????(180 mg/kg)? ?? ??? ??, ??? ?? ??????? ? ??, ????? ???? ????, NO ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???. ????? ?? ?????? ?? ? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????[20].
  • ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????. ?? ?? ?? ??? ? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? SOD ? ? ????? ?? ????. ????? ???, ?????? ??? ? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????[21].
  • ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??. ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?, ???, ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????[22].
  • ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??, ??? ???? ??, ???? ???? ??? ??????, ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??, ???? ???, ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????[23].
  • ???? ????, ???? ??, ?? ? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??. CdCl? (5.0 mg/kg)? ????? ?? ? ????? ????? ? ??, ??????? ?? ??, ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????(180.0 mg/kg)? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???. ????? ????? SOD ??? ????? ?????? ????? SOD ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????[24].

???? ?? ????

[??]

????? ??? ?? ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ????.

  • Walter Reed Army Institute of Research?? ??? ??? X-? ?? 15? ?? 2000mg/kg ? ????? ??? X-?? 575 roentgens ? ?????. ????? 60% ? 30? ?? ?????, ????? ?? ?? ?????? 25%? ?????[25].
  • ??? ?? ? ??? ???? ???? ????? ? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ? 14? ??, ?? ? 30? ?? 2%? ????? ?????. ? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???. ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???. ???? ???? ??? ? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????[26].
  • ????? ??? ??? ????? ???, ??? ??, ?????? ??, ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????. ?? ???? ?? ??????? ????, ??????? ??? ??? ?? (SOD, CAT, GSH)? ?? ??? ?????. ????? ???? ???? ? 42?? 0.4 ml/kg? ????? ??? ? ?? ???? 3?? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????. LDH, CPK, AST? ?? ???? ???? ?????, ???? ?? ?? ??? ??(????, ?????, ?????? ??)? ?????. ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ? ??? ????[27].
  • ??? ??? ??? ? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ? ?? ?? ????(80mL/kg)? ???? ?? ? ???, ???, ? ?????, ???? ?????. ? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????, ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????. ??, ? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???[28].

??? ?? ??? ??

[??]

????? ????, ?????(singlet oxygen)? ???(quencher)? ????, ??? ? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???. ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????(singlet oxygen) ?? ??????(rate constant)?? ? ? ?? ????? ?? 3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxytoluene(BHT) ? ??? ????. ?? ????? ??? ???(peroxide radicals)? ??? ????? ???, ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???[29].

  • 50? ??? ????? 90? ?? 13.5g/day(???), 27 g/day(???)? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????. ?????(procollagen) ??? ? ???? ?????, ????(facial erythema)? ????? ??? ?????(keratinocyte)? ????(apoptosis)? ? ???? ?? ?????. ?? ??? ???? ?????(????), ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????(minimal erythema dose, MED)? ?????? ???? ?????. ??? ???? 35%,??? ???? 55%?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???. ??? ??? ??? ??? ? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???[30].
  • ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??, ?? 10??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????, ??? ????, ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????. ??? ????? ??????(EGF)? ?????? ????? ??? ????, ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???[31].
  • 10??? ??? ??? ?? ? ??? 12?? ???? 10? ?? ????? ?? ??, ??? ? ??? ?, ????????? ??, ????? ??? ?????. ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ? ???.[32].

?? ??? ??? ?? ??

[??]
  • ?? ?? 2% ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ? ???? ???? ???? ???????(isoproterenol)? ???? ????? ????? ?, ???? ???? ??? ALT, AST, LDH, CPK ? ?????, ?????? ?? ????? ??????, ??? ?????(GSH), ????? ??? ??? ??(GPx, GST)? ??, ?????? (CAT, SOD) ?? ?????. ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ? ??[33].
  • ??????? ??? ??? ????, ?????? ??? ????. ?? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????. ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? 2% ????? ????? ?, ?? ??? ?????? ?? TCA cycle? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????. ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????(GSH) ??? ????? ??? ??? ??(GPx, GST) ? ?????? (CAT, SOD)? ???? ????, ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????. ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?????, ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ? ? ??? ????[34].
  • ????? ????? ?????? ????. ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??. ?? ???? 6-hydroxydopamin (6-OHDA)? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??, ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????. ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????. ????? ???? ?? ????? GPx, CAT, SOD ???? ??? ??? ?? ???, ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???. ??? ? ???? ????? 6-OHDA? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??, ????? ??? ???? ??? ????[35].

????

[??]

?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ? ??. ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????, ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???.

  • ???(Newmark)? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???, ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????[36].
  • ??(Rao) ?? ????? ?????(azoxymethane)?? ??? ??? ????? ???(colonic aberrant crypt foci)? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????. ????? 1% ??? ??? ?????? ??(aberrant crypt)? ???? ?? ??? ???(crypt multiplicity)? 46% ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???[37].
  • 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????. NNK? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ? ??? ??? 58%, ?? ??? 47% ??????, ? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? 52%, 70% ?????. ?? ????? ??? NNK? ??? ???? ?? ???? NNK? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????[38].
  • ????? ????? ??? ??? ????(Roidex)? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??(tumor)? ?? ? ?? ???? ??? ??? ? ??? ?? ???[39].
  • ????? ?? ? ????(pre-neoplastic transformation)? ???? ?? ? ????? ????? ????(aberrant hyperproliferation)? ?????[40].
  • ?????(Chineses hamster)? ???? ???? ??????(sodium arsenite)?? ????????(sister chromatid exchanges)? ????(micronuclei proliferation)? ???? ????? ????? ? ??? ????? ?????[41].
  • ????? ??? ? ??? ?? ???? ??(tumor)??? 12-O-?????????? 13-????(12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate)? ??? ??? ? ??? ?? ?????. ? ???? ?? ???? ????(polyamines)? ?? ? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??(ornithine decarboxylase, ODC)? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????[42].
  • ?? ??? sarcoma 180? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????. ???? ????? ??? ?, ?????(reticuloendothelial system)? ??, ?? IgM ??? ????, ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????[43].

???? ?? ??

[??]

????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????.

  • 13?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????(???? 3.6 g, ??????? 3.6 g, ?????? 750mg)? 4?? ?????. ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ? ??? ??? ???. ?? ???? ????? IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-2? ?? ?????? ??? ?????. ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ????. ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ? ??? ??????. ?? ??? ??? ??, ????, ??? ?? ??? ??? ? ??? ????, ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ? ??? ????[44].
  • ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?? 125?? ???? ??? ??? ???? (100, 200, 400, 600 mg/day) ??? ?????. ????? ????? ?? 600mg? ????? ??? ?? ??? ? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?????, ?? 200-400mg? ????? ????? ? ??? ??? ??? ????[45].
  • ???? ???? BioMarine 570? 10?? ??? ????? ?? 9??? 30?? ?????. ??? ????? ???? ??(C1q ??, CD4/CD8 ??, Th1 ??? ?????? ??)?? ?? ?????, ???? ???? ???? ???[46].

???

[??]

????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ??, ????? ???? ?????. ?????? ?????????? CoA (hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA, HMG CoA) ? ???? HMG CoA? HMG CoA ????? ?? ????(mevalonate)?? ????. ????? ???? ? ??? ??(prenyl group)? ???? ??? ???(farnesyl diphosphate)? ????. ??? ??? ? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????. ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???.

????

[??]
  • ?? ??

??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? 0.5ml ? ??? 24?? ??? ??? ???[47].

  • ? ?? ??

??? ?? ???? 0.1ml ? ? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???[48].

??

[??]

?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? 3H(????)-squalene 0.1ml ? ????? ? ??? ??? ??? ?????. ?? ? 10?? ? 3H-????? ??? ??, ??, ??? ?? ???, 30? ?? ??, ??, ???? ???, ??, ????? ??? ???. 3?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??. 6??, 24?? ? ? ???? 3H-????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?????.[49].

????? ?????? ?? ? ?? ??? ???? ??? 3H-squalene(??? ??? ????) ? 14C(????)-cholesterol(??? ??? ?????)? ??? ?? ????. 3H-????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?????(chylomicrons), ????????(VLDL) ? ???????(LDL), ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????[50]. ?? 3H-squalene ? 14C-cholesterol ?? ? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????. ??? 3H-squalene? 14C-?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????.

??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? 3H-squalene 21%? ???? 3H-sterol? ????? ??? 65%? 2? ?? ???? ?????[51].

?? ??? ??[52]

[??]

????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????. ???? ??? ?? ???? MF59? ??? ??? ?? ??? T??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??. ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??. ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ? ???19 ??? ?????? ???. ??? ?????????(gsk)? ?????. GSK? ?? ?? 5? ??? 19 ?? ????? ?? 10?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ? ??.

???? ?? ?? ?? (2023? ??)[53]

[??]

2023? ???????? ?? ? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ? ? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??.

  1. (?)?? 34??
  2. (?)????? 6??
  3. (?)?? 0?
  4. (?)???? 0?

??

[??]
  1. ↑ (??) ???? - PubChem
  2. ↑ Merck Index, 11th Edition, 8727
  3. ↑ Ernst, Josef; Sheldrick, William S.; Fuhrhop, Juergen H. (1976). “Crystal structure of squalene”. 《Angewandte Chemie》 88 (24): 851. doi:10.1002/ange.19760882414. 
  4. ↑ Boughton B, MacKenna RM, Wheatley VR, Wormall A. Studies of sebum. VIII. Observations on the squalene and cholesterol content and the possible functions of squalene in human sebum. Biochem J. 1957;66(1):32-8, Greene RS, Downing DT, Pochi PE, Strauss JS. Anatomical variations in the amount and composition of human skin surface lipid. J Invest Dermatol. 1970;54(3):240-7
  5. ↑ Rao MK, Achaya KT. Antioxidant property of a cholesterol precursor, squalene. J AM Oil Chem Soc. 1968;45:296
  6. ↑ Kaplan ML, Kellerher PG, Rubber Chemistry and Technology. 1972; 45 :423-436
  7. ↑ Kohno Y, Egawa Y, Itoh S et al. Kinetic study of quenching reaction of singlet oxygen and scavenging reaction of free radical by squalene in n-butanol. Biochem Biophys Acta. 1995; 1256(1): 52-6
  8. ↑ Gurańska N, Lewkowicz P, Urbaniak B, Banasik M et al. The assessment of the effectiveness of the shark liver oil in recurrent aphthous stomatitis treatment: clinical and immunological studies. Pol Merkur Lekarski 2001 Sep;11(63):233-8
  9. ↑ Lewkowicz P, Banasik M, G?owacka E, et al. Effect of high doses of shark liver oil supplementation on T cell polarization and peripheral blood polymorphonuclear cell function. Pol Merkur Lekarski. 2005 Jun;18(108):686-92
  10. ↑ ??, ???. ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??. ??????? 2002; 6(3):197-203
  11. ↑ Kim JS, Kim JS, Park JS, Choi WS, Choi YB, Kim SJ. The Effect of Squalene on the Cellular Toxicity of 5-Fluorouracil to the Mouse Liver. Korean J. Electron Microscopy, 1997;27(2):165-175
  12. ↑ Das B1, Yeger H, Baruchel H, Freedman MH, Koren G, Baruchel S. In vitro cytoprotective activity of squalene on a bone marrow versus neuroblastoma model of cisplatin-induced toxicity. implications in cancer chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer. 2003 Nov;39(17):2556-65.
  13. ↑ Senthilkumar S1, Yogeeta SK, Subashini R, Devaki T. Attenuation of cyclophosphamide induced toxicity by squalene in experimental rats. Chem Biol Interact. 2006 Apr 15;160(3):252-60
  14. ↑ Senthilkumar S1, Devaki T, Manohar BM, Babu MS. Effect of squalene on cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity. Clin Chim Acta. 2006 Feb;364(1-2):335-42.
  15. ↑ Tarek M.K. Motawi, Nermin A.H. Sadik, Ayat Refaat. Cytoprotective effects of DL-alpha-lipoic acid or squalene on cyclophosphamide-induced oxidative injury: An experimental study on rat myocardium, testicles and urinary bladder. Food and Chemical Toxicology 48 (2010) 2326–2336
  16. ↑ Marrow Progenitors Against Cisplatin and Carboplatin–Induced Cytotoxicity In Vivo Without Protecting Tumor Growth. Neoplasia (2008) 10, 1105–1119
  17. ↑ Pallavi S, Ganesan B, Anandan R. Beneficial Effect of Dietary Squalene Supplementation on Experimentally Induced Cardiomyopathy in Rats. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Vol. 3 (2) Apr – Jun2012, 525-533
  18. ↑ [???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??, ????(??)-- ????? ????? ??????: ????? 2002]
  19. ↑ ?????? ???? ?????, 1997
  20. ↑ Kim JS, Lee YH, Lee JH. Effects of Squalene on Renal Toxicity Induced by Lead Acetate in Proximal Tubules of the Mice. Korean J. Electron Microscopy, 2004;34(3):185-197
  21. ↑ Kim SJ. Effects of Squalene on the Mice Hepatotoxicity Induced by Lead Acetate. Korean J. Electron Microscopy, 2003;33(3):205-214
  22. ↑ Kim JS, Lee KH. Effects of Squalene in Mouse Kidney with Contaminated Mercury. Korean J. Electron Microscopy, 2000;30(4):389-401
  23. ↑ Choi YB, Kim JS, Yoon JS. Effect of Squalene on HgCI2 induced Hepatotoxicity in Mouse. Korean J. Electron Microscopy, 2000;30(2):153-163
  24. ↑ Choi YB, Kim JS, Kim JS, Cho KP, Hwang KY, Park JP. Effects of Squalene on SOD Activity and Histological Changes in Liver Toxicity Induced by Cadmium. Korean J. Electron Microscopy 2002;32(3):231-246
  25. ↑ Cosmetic, Fragrance and Toiletry Association (CTFA). Ability of squalene to protect against radiation injury. 1960 Feb 19. Submission of data by CTFA. Walter Reed Army Institute of Research
  26. ↑ Storm HM, Oh SY, Kimler BF, et al. Radioprotection of mice by dietary squalene. Lipids 1993;28:555-559
  27. ↑ REZK, R.G., YACOUB, S.F., ABDEL AZIZ, N. Squalene Modulates Radiation-Induced Structural, Ultrastructural And Biochemical Changes In Cardiac Muscles Of Male Albino Rats. Isotope and Radiation Research; v. 41(4s3); ISSN 0021-1907; CODEN ISRRAC; 2009; p. 1705-1718
  28. ↑ Oh BJ, Dong KR, Park YS, Kweon DC, Jung JE, Goo EH. Comparative analysis on the effects squalene on mice serum when irradiation. J Korean Soc Indoor Environ. 2010:7(1):17-24
  29. ↑ Kohno et al. 1995
  30. ↑ Cho S, Choi CW, Lee DH, Won CH, Kim SM, Lee S, Lee MJ, Chung JH. High-dose squalene ingestion increases type I procollagen and decreases ultraviolet-induced DNA damage in human skin in vivo but is associated with transient adverse effects. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2009 Jun;34(4):500-8. Epub 2009 Apr 14
  31. ↑ Kim JS, Kim JS, Yoon JS, Choi YB, Choi KP, Kim JS, Chung SM. Healing Effect of squalene on the epidermis in burned mouse. Korean J Electron Microscopy 1999;29(2);163-175
  32. ↑ ???, ???, ???. ??? ??? ? ???? squalene? ??. ???????, 10(3):22-31
  33. ↑ Sabeena Farvin KH, Anandan R, Kumar SH, Shiny KS,. Sankar TV, Thankappan TK. Effect of squalene on tissue defense system in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats. Pharmacol Res. 2004 Sep;50(3):231-6
  34. ↑ S. Buddhana, R. Sivakumara, N. Dhandapani, et al. Protective effect of dietary squalene supplementation on mitochondrial function in liver of aged rats. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 76 (2007) 349–355
  35. ↑ Hideaki Kabuto, Tomoko T. Yamanushi, Najma Janjua, et al. Effects of squalene/squalane on dopamine levels, antioxidant enzyme activity, and fatty acid composition in the striatum of Parkinson’s disease mouse model. J.Oleo Sci.62,(1) 21-28 (2013)
  36. ↑ Newmark HL. Squalene, olive oil, and cancer risk: a review and hypothesis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1997;6:1101-1103)
  37. ↑ Rao CV, Newmark HL, Reddy BS. Chemopreventive effect of squalene on colon cancer. Carcinogenesis 1998;19:287-290
  38. ↑ Theresa J.Smith, Guang-yu Yang, Darren N.Seril, Jie Liao and Sungbin Kim. Inhibition of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanoneinduced lung tumorigenesis by dietary olive oil and squalene. Carcinogenesis vol.19 no.4 pp.703–706, 1998
  39. ↑ Desai KN, Wei H, Lamartiniere CA. The preventive and therapeutic potential of the squalene-containing compound, Roidex, on tumor promotion and regression. Cancer Lett 1996;101:93-96
  40. ↑ Katdare M, Singhal H, Newmark H, et al. Prevention of mammary preneoplastic transformation by naturally-occurring tumor inhibitors. Cancer Lett 1997;111:141-147
  41. ↑ Fan SR, Ho IC, Yeoh FL, et al. Squalene inhibits sodium arsenite-induced sister chromatid exchanges and micronuclei in Chinese hamster ovary-K1 cells. Mutat Res 1996;368:165-169
  42. ↑ Murakoshi M, Nishino H, Tokuda H, et al. Inhibition by squalene of the tumor-promoting activity of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate in mouse-skin carcinogenesis. Int J Cancer 1992;52:950-952
  43. ↑ Ohkuma T, Otagiri K, Tanaka S, Ikekawa T. Intensification of host’s immunity by squalene in sarcoma 180 bearing ICR mice. J Pharmacobiodyn 1983;6:148-151
  44. ↑ Lewkowicz P, Banasik M, G?owacka E, Lewkowicz N, Tchórzewski H. Effect of high doses of shark liver oil supplementation on T cell polarization and peripheral blood polymorphonuclear cell function. Pol Merkur Lekarski. 2005 Jun;18(108):686-92
  45. ↑ Gonor KV, Pogozheva AV, Derbeneva SA, Mal'tsev GIu, Trushina EN, Mustafina OK. The influence of a diet with including amaranth oil on antioxidant and immune status in patients with ischemic heart disease and hyperlipoproteidemia. Vopr Pitan. 2006;75(6):30-3.
  46. ↑ Henryk T1, Ewa G, Ma?gorzata B, Przemys?aw L. The effect of alcoxyglycerols, squalene and n-3 fatty acid on some innate immunity parameters in healthy people. Pol Merkur Lekarski. 2005 Mar;18(105):303-6.
  47. ↑ CTFA.(April 29, 1971), Submission of data by CTFA. Leberco Labs. Skin irritation
  48. ↑ CTFA.(July 16, 1956), Submission of data by CTFA. Laboratory of Industrial Hygiene. Eye irritation
  49. ↑ ?????? ?. ????? ??? ?? ?? ????. ??? ??. 1982;8(2):533-539
  50. ↑ Tilvis RS, Miettinen TA. Absorption and metabolic fate of dietary 3H-squalene in the rat. Lipids. 1983;18(3):233-8), (Tilvis RS, Miettinen TA. Dietary squalene increases tissue sterols and fecal bile acids in the rat. Lipids. 1983;18(1):32-6), (Tilvis R, Kovanen PT, Mietinen TA. Metabolism of squalene in human fat cells. Demonstration of a two-pool system. J Biol Chem. 1982;257(17):10300-5)
  51. ↑ Tilvis RS, Miettinen TA. Absorption and metabolic fate of dietary 3H-squalene in the rat. Lipids. 1983;18(3):233-8)
  52. ↑ “??? ??, ??? ??..25??? ??? ?? ??”. 20200929050107. 2020? 9? 29?? ???. 
  53. ↑ ???, ??? (2024? 8? 1?). “?? ? ????(??·??????·?????? ?)”. 《????????》. ????????. 2024? 8? 1?? ???. 
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