USS ??? ??

USS ??? ??
	?? ??? ??
	; ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? USS ???
??	1937? 12? 12?
??	?? ?? ??
??	百度消息一出，无异于在缅甸政坛投下一枚重磅炸弹，要知道，吴廷觉在总统任上刚满两年，还没有完成任期。 USS ???? ??; ??, ??, ???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??.;
	??? ???: ?? 2?, ?? 5?

USS ??? ??(??: The USS Panay incident)? 1937? 12? 12? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? USS ???? ???? ??? ??? 3?? ?? ??? ??? ???. ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????. USS ???? ?2? ?? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????. ?? ? ??? ??? ?????, ???? D. ???? ???? ??? ???, ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????.^[1] ?? ?? USS ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??????, ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????. ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ????? ? ??? ?????? ????.^[2]

??

?? ??? ?? ??? USS ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????, ? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????.

1937? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? 12? ??? ???? ??? ??? 30? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????. USS ??? ?? 12? 11? ?? ?? ????? ?????, ??? ?? ?? 5?, ?? 54?, ?? ??? ?? 4?, ??? 10????. ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??(Norman Alley), ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???(Eric Mayell), ?? ???? ?? ?, ???? ???? ??? ? ??, ? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???.

??

12? ??, ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? 10?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? 19~40km ??? ?? ??? ??? ???. ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? 3?? ?? ?(Mei Ping), ?? ?(Mei An), ?? ???(Mei Hsia)? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???. ??? USS ???? ???? B4Y ?? 96 ??? 3?? ??? 18?? 132lb(60kg) ?? ? 2?? ??? 9?? ???? A4N ?? 95 ???? ????? ???.

??? ?? ??? ??? J. W. ????(J.W. Geist) ??? "??? ? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??" ??? ??? 3?? ??? ???? ???. ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???. ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????(Colin MacDonald)? ? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????. ?? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???,^[3] ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???.^[4]

??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????. ?? ?? ?? ? ????(Charles Lee Ensminger), ???? ?? ??? ?? ? H. ??(Carl H. Carlson), ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? C. ????(Edgar C. Hulsebus)? ?? ? ?? ?????,^[5]^[6] ? ?? 43?? ??? 5?? ??? ???.

???? ??? ??? 3?? ??? ?? ?????, ?? ? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????. ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???.^[7]

? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????. ??? ??? ??? ??? ? ??? ??? ??? ? ? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ? ???. ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? HMS ?????? ?? ?????, ?? ? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ????.

????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???, ??? 16?? ?? ?? ? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? 3?? ???.^[8]

???

???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???. 30? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? 1898? ??? ???? ??? ? ?? ??? "??? ??"?? ???. ?? ???? ??? ??? ???-?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???.

?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???, ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????. ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???(杉山六蔵) ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??????,^[9] ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? D. C.? ???? ?????.

?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ? ?? ??? ?????, ? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????.^[10] 12? 23? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? 1?? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????. ? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????. ?? 1938? 4? 22? ?? ??? ??? 2,214,007.36 ??(2025?? 40,710,000 ??)? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????.^[11]

?? ??

??

?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? D. C.? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???. ???? ???? ? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????.

?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??-?? ??? ???, 7,749?? 218? ?????? 16,242.56?? ??? ???? ???.^[12]

??? ?? ?? ? ????? "?? ??? ? ??, ?? ? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???"?? ???. ??? ? ??? "?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ? ? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????"? ????.^[12]

?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????, ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???. ???? ??? ??? ??? ? ???, ?? ? ? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???.

??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ? ??? ?? ???? ?????. ??? ???, ??, ????, ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??, ??? ??, ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???. ? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????, ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????.^[12]

??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????. ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? F. ??(Arthur F. Tower)? ?? ???? 1? 7?? ??? ??? ????, ? ?? ??? ??·???? ??? ?? ??? 12? 23? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???. ??? ???? "? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????"?? ??? ?????. ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ? ?? ???? ? ??.^[12]

???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??-?? ??? ?????? ?????. ? ??? 1853? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ? ??? ??????, ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ? ???.

??

??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???.^[13]

? L. ??(John L. Hodge) ???? ??? G. ????(Clark G. Grazier) ??? ?? ???? ?????.^[14]^[15]

?? ???? ? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???(Lewis Eyre Crabbe) ??? ???? ???? ? ? ??? ? ?? ???(Harry Barlow) ?????? ?????.^[16]^[17]

??? ?? ??

?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????. ? ????(John Prados)? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????, ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????. ? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???.^[9] ?? ? ????(Nick Sparks)? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ? ?? ??? ????? ????.^[18]

??

??? ??? ???? ? ???(Fon Huffman)? 2008?? ????.^[19] ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? 2016? ????.^[20]

? ??? ???? ?? K. ?? ?? 《?? ?? ???》(The Man in the High Castle)?? ??????, 1940?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? 《???? ??》???.

? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?????(Douglas Galbraith)? 2005? ?? 《??? ??》(A Winter in China)??? ????, ?? ?? ???? ??? R. ???(William R. Forstchen)? ?? 《??? ?? ???》??? ???? ??.

2009? ?? 《? ??》? ? ??? ??? ??? ????.

?? ??

??-?? ??

??

↑ Douglas Peifer, “Presidential Crisis Decision Making Following the Sinking of the Panay,” ??? 24 12? 2018 - ??? ?? International Journal of Naval History, vol. 14, nr. 2 (November 2018); Douglas Peifer, “The American Response to the Sinking of the USS Panay, December 1937.” In New Interpretations in Naval History: Selected Papers from the 2017 Naval History Symposium, ed. Brian VanDeMark. Annapolis MD: Naval Institute Press, 2023.
↑ Walter LaFeber, The Clash (1997) p. 187.
↑ The Oregonian, December 18, 1937. 24?.
↑ history.com USS Panay sunk by Japanese
↑ McDonald, Jason (2009). “USS Panay (PR-5) Casualty List On Board USS Augusta (CA-31)”. 《The World War II Multimedia Database》. 2014? 8? 29?? ???.
↑ Barzini Jr, Luigi (1937? 12? 18?). “La drammatica fine della "Panay" e la stoica morte di Sandro Sandri nel racconto di Luigi Barzini jr.”. 《Corriere della Sera》.
↑ Mender, P., Thirty Years a Mariner in the Far East 1907–1937, The Memoirs of Peter Mender, a Standard Oil ship captain on China's Yangtze River, ISBN 978-1-60910-498-6.
↑ Yangtze Patrol: The U.S. Navy in China. Kemp Tolley. Naval Institute Press, March 22, 2013
↑ ^? ^? Prados, John., Combined Fleet Decoded: The Secret History of American Intelligence and the Japanese Navy in World War II, ISBN 0-679-43701-0.
↑ FRUS, Japan, 1931–1941, Volume I, Page 638
↑ Japanese Pay U.S. 'In Full' Panay Incident Officially Closed with $2,214.007 Indemnity Settlement . Tokyo, April 22, 1938 Associated Press. Miami Daily News Record April 22, 1938 page 1
↑ ^? ^? ^? ^? Plante, Trevor (Summer 2001). “"Two Japans"”. 《Prologue》 (National Archives).
↑ “Pt. 4 - Campaign and Service Medals”.
↑ “Clark G. Grazier”. 《valor.militarytimes.com》.
↑ “Panay hero”. 《Library of Congress》.
↑ “Lewis Crabbe - Recipient -”. 《valor.militarytimes.com》.
↑ “Harry Barlow - Recipient -”. 《valor.militarytimes.com》.
↑ “A Japanese Attack Before Pearl Harbor”. 《NPR.org》.
↑ “Obituaries in the news: Fon B. Huffman”. International Herald Tribune. Associated Press. 2008? 9? 7?. 2008? 9? 13?? ???.
↑ “Archived copy”. 2017? 8? 12?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2017? 7? 20?? ???.

?? ??

Ashbaugh, William. "Relations with Japan." in A Companion to Franklin D. Roosevelt (2011) pp: 612+.
LaFeber, Walter. The clash: a history of U.S.-Japan relations (1997) pp 196–198. excerpt
Konstam, Angus. Yangtze River Gunboats 1900–49 (Bloomsbury, 2012).
Peifer, Douglas Carl. (2016). Choosing war: presidential decisions in the Maine, Lusitania, and Panay incidents. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0190939601 online review
Peifer, Douglas Carl (2018) . "Presidential Crisis Decision Making Following the Sinking of the Panay." International Journal of Naval History 14, no. 2/November .
Perry, Hamilton Darby. The Panay Incident: Prelude to Pearl Harbor (1969).
Roberts Jr, Frank N. "Climax of Isolationism, Countdown to World War." Naval History 26.6 (2012): 32+
Schnurr, Jeremy. "'The Best Possible Time for War?' The USS Panay and American Far Eastern Policy During the Roosevelt Presidency" (MA thesis. University of Ottawa, 2012) online; bibliography pp 165–72
Swanson, Harlan J. "The 'Panay' Incident: Prelude To Pearl Harbor." U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings (Dec 1967) 93#12 pp 26–37.
Tolley, Kemp. Yangtze Patrol: The US Navy in China (Naval Institute Press, 2013).

?? ??

Castle Film – Bombing of USS Panay – USS Panay Sinking
The New York Times - Search
(パネー号事件と日米関係)"The Panay incident and Japan-US relations", in US-Japan War Talks, the Japan Center for Asian Historical Records Japan Center for Asian Historical Records (???)

[1] Douglas Peifer, “Presidential Crisis Decision Making Following the Sinking of the Panay,” ??? 24 12? 2018 - ??? ?? International Journal of Naval History, vol. 14, nr. 2 (November 2018); Douglas Peifer, “The American Response to the Sinking of the USS Panay, December 1937.” In New Interpretations in Naval History: Selected Papers from the 2017 Naval History Symposium, ed. Brian VanDeMark. Annapolis MD: Naval Institute Press, 2023.

[2] Walter LaFeber, The Clash (1997) p. 187.

[3] The Oregonian, December 18, 1937. 24?.

[4] story.com USS Panay sunk by Japanese

[5] McDonald, Jason (2009). “USS Panay (PR-5) Casualty List On Board USS Augusta (CA-31)”. 《The World War II Multimedia Database》. 2014? 8? 29?? ???.

[6] Barzini Jr, Luigi (1937? 12? 18?). “La drammatica fine della "Panay" e la stoica morte di Sandro Sandri nel racconto di Luigi Barzini jr.”. 《Corriere della Sera》.

[7] Mender, P., Thirty Years a Mariner in the Far East 1907–1937, The Memoirs of Peter Mender, a Standard Oil ship captain on China's Yangtze River, ISBN 978-1-60910-498-6.

[8] Yangtze Patrol: The U.S. Navy in China. Kemp Tolley. Naval Institute Press, March 22, 2013

[prados-9] ? ^? Prados, John., Combined Fleet Decoded: The Secret History of American Intelligence and the Japanese Navy in World War II, ISBN 0-679-43701-0.

[10] FRUS, Japan, 1931–1941, Volume I, Page 638

[11] Japanese Pay U.S. 'In Full' Panay Incident Officially Closed with $2,214.007 Indemnity Settlement . Tokyo, April 22, 1938 Associated Press. Miami Daily News Record April 22, 1938 page 1

[Plante-12] ? ^? ^? ^? Plante, Trevor (Summer 2001). “"Two Japans"”. 《Prologue》 (National Archives).

[13] “Pt. 4 - Campaign and Service Medals”.

[14] “Clark G. Grazier”. 《valor.militarytimes.com》.

[15] “Panay hero”. 《Library of Congress》.

[16] “Lewis Crabbe - Recipient -”. 《valor.militarytimes.com》.

[17] “Harry Barlow - Recipient -”. 《valor.militarytimes.com》.

[18] “A Japanese Attack Before Pearl Harbor”. 《NPR.org》.

[iht-19] “Obituaries in the news: Fon B. Huffman”. International Herald Tribune. Associated Press. 2008? 9? 7?. 2008? 9? 13?? ???.

[20] “Archived copy”. 2017? 8? 12?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2017? 7? 20?? ???.

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