湿热吃什么食物
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?? | /fl??d??l?m/ |
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MeSH | D005407 |
TH | H1.00.01.1.01032 |
FMA | 67472 |
??(flagellum, flagella)? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????.[1][2][3][4] ??? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ??.
???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ? ??. ?? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????(Helicobacter pylori)? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ? ??? ???? ???? ??? ? ??.[5] ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ? ??.[6]
??, ??, ????? ? ?? ?? ??? ??, ??? ?? ? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????. ??? flagellum(flagellum)? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????. ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? archaellum??? ??.[7][8]
????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???.[9] ????? ??? ? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ???.
??
[??]
??? ? ?? ??? ??, ??, ??????.
????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??. ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????.[11]
? ? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??.
- ??? ??? ??? ??????, ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??.[12][13][14] ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ? ? ??? ????.[15][16]
- ??? ??(archaella)? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ? ???? ????.[17][18][19]
- ???? ??(??, ??, ???? ??? ??)? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?????. ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??, ??, ??? ???.
- 1? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? 9+2 ???? ?? ????? ?? 9+0 ??? ??? ??.
??
[??]?? ? ??
[??]??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????.[11] ? ??? 20???? ??? ?? ? ????. ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??. ? "??"? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ? ? ??. ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????. ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??, ????? ??, ??? ?? ?? ?? ? 2?? ??? ??. ?? ?? ???? 4?? ??? ??? ??? ??. L ??? ?????????? ????, P ??? ?????? ?? ????, M ??? ????? ????, S ??? ????? ?? ????. ????? ?? ???? ???.[20][21]
?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ? ??? ?? ????? ???? ? ??? ????. ?? ?? Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Caulobacter crescentus, Vibrio alginolyticus? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? 11?? ?? ????? ????. ? ?? ????? ??? 2?? ???(??, tandem) ??? ????. ??? Campylobacter jejuni?? 7?? ????? ??.[22]
???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ? ?? ??? "???"? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ? ?? ??? ??? ??. ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? 3? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ????.
??
[??]???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??(Mot complex)? ?? ????. ??? ??? ???, ? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???(?? ??)? ??? ?? ????(Vibrio ??? ?? ? ??? ? ??? ??? ??. ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????[23]). ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????.
?? ???? 6,000-17,000rpm?? ??? ? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? 200-1000rpm? ????. ?? ??? ???? ??? FliG? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ? ??.[24] ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???.[25] ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???.[26] ?? ???? ?-?? ???? ?? ??? ??? epsE? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ? ?? ?? ?? ??.[27]
??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????. ? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????.[28]
??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ? ??. ??? ?? ?? 60?? ? ??? ????. ??? ??? ????? 1km? ?? ? ? 245?? ???. ?? ??? ?? ? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???. ???? ???? ??? ? ?? ? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???. ?? ??, ??? ?? ? 25?? ? ?? ???? ?? ? ??.[29]
??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ? ?? ???? ?? ???? '???' ? '???'? ????. ? ?? ??? ???? ???(?? ??? ????) ?? ???? ?? ????.[30]]
??
[??]?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????. ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????.[31] ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????.[32]
??
[??]???? ??? ??? 10? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ???? 3? ?? ???(T3SS)? ?? ???? ?????[33] ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??. T3SS? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??(? 25?? ???)? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???. ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? T3SS?? ????? ???? ??. ??? ??? ?? ????? ? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????.[34] ?? ??? ???? ???(???)? ?? ??? ??? ?? ? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????,[34] ???? ???? T3SS? '??? ??'? ? ? ???, ?? ?? ??.[35] ? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????.[36]
??? ?? ?? ??
[??]?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ? ??? ???? ??? ? ??? ????. ?, ?? ??? "?? ????? ??"??.[37] ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????.[38] ??, ?? ?? ? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???.[39] ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ? ??. ?? ??, ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????.[40] ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??, ??? ?? ?? ? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????, ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????.[33] ??, ?? ?? ????? ?? ??, ?? ??? ?? ??? ??, ?? ???? ?? ??('?? ?????') ? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?????.[41]
?? ??
[??]????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???.[42][43] ????? ????? ???? trichos?? ?? tricho?? ??? ???? ?????.[44]
- ????? ?? Monotrichous bacteria? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??.[45]
- Amphitrichous bacteria? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??(?: Alcaligenes faecalis). ? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ? ??.
- Lophotrichous bacteria?[46] ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ? ???? ???? ?? ????. ?? ???, ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??.
- Peritrichous bacteria? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??(?: E. coli).
Monotrichous bacteria? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????. ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??.
?? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??(endoflagella)??? ?? ??? ??? ???, ??? ???? electron cryotomography microscope? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????.[47][48][49] ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??.
??????? ?? ?? ????? 30? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? "??"??? ?? ??? ??(?????? ?? ? ? ??)? ????.
?? Vibrio spp. (?? ???????[50]), ?????? ?? ?? ????, ? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????. ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??, ?? ??? ? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ? ????.[51][52][53][54][55][56] ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????.
???
[??]???(Bundling)? ??? ?? ? ?? ???? ??? ? ?? ????, ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??.
??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ? ??. ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???. ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ? ??. ?? "???(tumbling)"??? ??. ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??.
?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ? ? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ? ????. ???("???? ???"? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???(?: ??)? ?? ????. ??? ???? ??? ?, ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ? ??. ?????, ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?(?? ??, ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??), ??? ? ?? ???? ?? ?? ? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??.
??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??.[57][58]
????
[??]



??
[??]??? ??? ????? ?? ? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ? ? ?? ???? ??? ??? "undulipodia"(?: 1970?? ?? ????? ?? ??)[59] ?? "??"? ????? ????. ? ?? ??(?: Hülsmann, 1992;[60] Adl et al., 2012;[61] ???????? ???? ??), ???? ??? ?? "??"? ????. ??? ? ???? ??? ????? ?? "??"? "??"?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????(?: Andersen et al., 1991;[62] Leadbeater et al., 2000).[63]
?? ??
[??]axoneme?? ??? ???? ??? ??? 2?? ?? ?? ????(? ??)? ???? ?? ????? ??? 9?? ??? ???? ????. ? 9+2 ??? ???? ??? ????. ???? ??? ???? ???(basal body), "???(blepharoplast)" ?? ????? ???, ?? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ? 500??????. ???? ????? ????? ????. ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ? ??.
??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???(???? ???? ??? ?)? ???(????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??)??), ????? ????? ??? ???? ? ???? ????. ? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????(?? ??, paraxonemal) ???, R ?? ? S ??? ??.[64] :63–84? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????.
??
[??]?? 9?? ??? ???? ??? ? ?? ???? ?("??" ? "??" ?)? ??? ?????? ????. ??? ATP ????? ?? ?? ????. ?? ??? ?? ??? ???, ?? 9?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????, ???? "??"? ??? ???. ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??.[65]
??? ??
[??]
????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????. ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????.[66]
?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????. ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ??? 3?? ???? ???? ??? ??.[66] ? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? 9+2 ???? ???.[65]
?? ? ??
[??]?? ???, ??? ??? ? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????.[67]
??? ??
[??]????? ?? ?? ??(??? ??? ??)?[68] ??? ??? ???, ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??(?: ???, ???, ?? ??, ????? ????? ???).[69][70][61]
? ?? ??? "?? ??"(?? "????? ?? ??")? ?? ?? ? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??(?: ??? choanocytes ?? ????? ?? ??)?? ????. ????, ?? ??).
??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???(?? ?? ? ?? ???), ???? (?? ???), ????(?? ???), ?? ????(?? ???, ?? ???), ?? ???(?? ???)? ?? ?? ???? ????.), ???(?? ?? ? ???), ???(?? ?? ?? ? ???), ????(?? ??), ????(?? ??), ?? ???????(???), ?? ???(?? ???),[71] ???(???) (?? ?? ? ???), ????(?? ??), ??(?? ?? ??) ? ????(?? ??? ???).
?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????. ??? ??? ???, ?? ???(????), ???? ????? ??? ????, ????, 5?? ???, ?? ???????, ?? ????, ?? ????? ??,[72] ? ??? (??).
???
[??]?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ? ????.[70][73][64] :60–63[74][75] ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ? ??.
- ?? ??(= ???? ?? ??): ?? ??, ?? ?? ???????
- ?? ?? ??(= tinsel, flimmer, pleuronematic ??): ?? ??(= mastigonemes sensu lato), ???? ???.
- ?? ? (= ?? ?? ?? ?): Euglenophyceae, Dinoflagellata, ?? Haptophyceae (Pavlovales)?? ??
- ??? ? (= ? ??? ?, retronemes, mastigonemes sensu stricto), ???? ???.
- bipartite hairs: ? ?? ??? ??. Cryptophyceae, Prasinophyceae ? ?? Heterokonta?? ??
- tripartite (= straminipilous) ?: 3?? ??(???, ?? ??? ? ?? ??? ?? ?)? ??. ???? ???????? ??
- ?????? ??: ? ?? ?? ?? ??
- ???? ??: ? ?? ?? ??
- acronematic: ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??(?: bodonids);[76]
- ?? ??: ?: Prasinophyceae
- ??? ?? ??: ?: ?? ???
- ?? ??? ?? ?? ??: ?? ?? ?? ????????, ?? ????, ??????? ???.
- ?? ??(??? ??? ?? ???): ?: ?????, ?? bodonids[77]
??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ? ??. (?? ??? "flagellated" ?? "ciliated"? ???? ????)[61][78]
- unflagellated: ?, ???? Opisthokonta
- biflagellated: ?, ?? Dinoflagellata, Charophyceae? ???, ???? ?? ?? ? ?? ?? ??[72]
- ???: ?, ?? ???? ???
- ???: ?, ?? Prasinophyceae, Collodictyonidae
- octoflagellated: ?, ?? Diplomonada, ?? Prasinophyceae
- ?? ??: ?: Opalinata, Ciliophora, Stephanopogon, Parabasalida, Hemimastigophora, Caryoblastea, Multicilia, Oedogoniales (Chlorophyta)? ??? (?? ???), ?? ??????? ????? ????.
??? ?? ??? ??:[79]
- opisthokont: Opisthokonta??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??(Vischer, 1945). Haptophyceae?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???.[80]
- akrokont: ??? ??? ??? ??
- ?????(subakrokont): ??? ??? ??? ??
- pleurokont: ??? ??? ??? ??
?? ??? ???:
?? ??? ??? ?? ??:
- isokont: ?? ??? ??? ?? ??. ??? ?? ??? Chlorophyta? ???? ? ?????.
- anisokont: ??? ?? ??? ?? ??, ?? ?? ?? Euglenophyceae ? Prasinophyceae
- heterokont: ??? ?? ? ?? ??? ?? Xanthophyceae? ???? ?? Luther(1899)? ??? ????. ??? ??? ????? ??(1~2?? ? ???? ? ????? ??) ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ? ??? ??? ??. Heterokonta ???? ???? ??? ????.
- ??????(stephanokont): ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??, ?? ?? Oedogoniales? ??? ? ??, ?? Bryopsidales? ?? . Blackman & Tansley(1902)? Oedogoniales? ???? ?? ??? ??
- akont: ??? ?? ??. Aconta ?? Akonta: Zygnematophyceae ? Bacillariophyceae (Oltmanns, 1904) ?? Rhodophyceae (Christensen, 1962)? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????.
??
[??]?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????. 1980???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????. ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????. Archaeal ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??. ???? ?? IV ??? ????, ?? ???(?????)? ??? 3 ?? ???? ????? ?? IV ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????. ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? N-?? ???? ??? ?? ????.[3]
1990??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????. ???? ??? ????.
- ??? ?? ??? H+??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? Na+ ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????. ??? ?? ??? ATP? ?? ????.[82]
- ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???, ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????.
- ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???. ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???.
- ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ? ?? ?? ??? ? ?? ??? ? ?? ? "?"? ??? ??.[83]
- ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? III? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???. ??, ???? ?? ?? ??? II? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? IV ??? ?? ??? ?? ? ???? ???? ????(??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??).[83]
??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ? ? ??? ????.[84][85] ??? ?? ? ?? ? ??? ???? ?? ??(?:Howard Berg)? ??? ?,[86] ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????.
?? ???
[??]-
[en→ko]Multiple flagella in lophotrichous arrrangement on surface of Helicobacter pylori
-
[en→ko]Physical model of a bacterial flagellum
??
[??]- ↑ “Prokaryotic motility structures”. 《Microbiology》 149 (Pt 2): 295–304. February 2003. doi:10.1099/mic.0.25948-0. PMID 12624192.
- ↑ “Assembly and motility of eukaryotic cilia and flagella. Lessons from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii”. 《Plant Physiology》 127 (4): 1500–7. December 2001. doi:10.1104/pp.010807. PMC 1540183. PMID 11743094.
- ↑ ? ? 《Pili and Flagella: Current Research and Future Trends》. Caister Academic Press. 2009. ISBN 978-1-904455-48-6.
- ↑ “Sperm design and sperm function”. 《Biology Letters》 2 (2): 246–9. June 2006. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0449. PMC 1618917. PMID 17148374.
- ↑ “Helicobacter pylori: ulcers and more: the beginning of an era”. 《The Journal of Nutrition》 131 (10): 2789S–2793S. October 2001. doi:10.1093/jn/131.10.2789S. PMID 11584108. 2009? 2? 7?? ?? ?? (abstract page)?? ??? ??. 2008? 6? 2?? ???.
- ↑ “Sensing wetness: a new role for the bacterial flagellum”. 《The EMBO Journal》 24 (11): 2034–42. June 2005. doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7600668. PMC 1142604. PMID 15889148.
- ↑ “The archaellum: how Archaea swim”. 《Frontiers in Microbiology》 6: 23. 2015? 1? 27?. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.00023. PMC 4307647. PMID 25699024.
- ↑ Quax, TEF; Albers, SV; Pfeiffer, F (2018? 12? 14?). “Taxis in archaea.”. 《Emerging Topics in Life Sciences》 2 (4): 535–546. doi:10.1042/ETLS20180089. PMC 7289035. PMID 33525831.
- ↑ “Cilia, flagella, and microtubules”. 《The Journal of Cell Biology》 91 (3 Pt 2): 125s–130s. December 1981. doi:10.1083/jcb.91.3.125s. PMC 2112827. PMID 6459327.
- ↑ “Flagellar rotation in the archaeon Halobacterium salinarum depends on ATP”. 《Journal of Molecular Biology》 384 (1): 1–8. 2008. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2008.08.057. PMID 18786541.
- ↑ ? ? Alberts, Bruce (2015). 《Molecular biology of the cell》 Six?. New York, NY. 942?. ISBN 9780815344643.
- ↑ “Flagellar rotation and the mechanism of bacterial motility”. 《Nature》 249 (452): 73–4. May 1974. Bibcode:1974Natur.249...73S. doi:10.1038/249073a0. PMID 4598030.
- ↑ “Rapid rotation of flagellar bundles in swimming bacteria”. 《Nature》 325 (6105): 637–640. 1987. Bibcode:1987Natur.325..637L. doi:10.1038/325637a0.
- ↑ “Bacteria swim by rotating their flagellar filaments”. 《Nature》 245 (5425): 380–2. October 1973. Bibcode:1973Natur.245..380B. doi:10.1038/245380a0. PMID 4593496.
- ↑ “Movement and locomotion of microorganisms”. 《Annual Review of Microbiology》 19: 21–58. 1965. doi:10.1146/annurev.mi.19.100165.000321. PMID 5318439.
- ↑ “Bacterial motility on a surface: many ways to a common goal”. 《Annual Review of Microbiology》 57: 249–73. 2003. doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.57.030502.091014. PMID 14527279.
- ↑ “Archaeal flagella, bacterial flagella and type IV pili: a comparison of genes and posttranslational modifications”. 《Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology》 11 (3–5): 167–91. 2006. doi:10.1159/000094053. PMID 16983194.
- ↑ “Bacterial and archaeal flagella as prokaryotic motility organelles”. 《Biochemistry. Biokhimiia》 69 (11): 1203–12. November 2004. doi:10.1007/s10541-005-0065-8. PMID 15627373.
- ↑ 〈Archaeal Flagella and Pili〉. 《Pili and Flagella: Current Research and Future Trends》. Caister Academic Press. 2009. ISBN 978-1-904455-48-6.
- ↑ “How bacteria assemble flagella”. 《Annual Review of Microbiology》 57: 77–100. 2003. doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.57.030502.090832. PMID 12730325.
- ↑ “Stabilization of flagellar filaments by HAP2 capping”. 《FEBS Letters》 568 (1–3): 105–9. June 2004. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2004.05.029. PMID 15196929.
- ↑ “Divergence of quaternary structures among bacterial flagellar filaments”. 《Science》 320 (5874): 382–5. April 2008. Bibcode:2008Sci...320..382G. doi:10.1126/science.1155307. PMID 18420936.
- ↑ “Polar and lateral flagellar motors of marine Vibrio are driven by different ion-motive forces”. 《Nature》 355 (6356): 182–4. January 1992. Bibcode:1992Natur.355..182A. doi:10.1038/355182a0. PMID 1309599.
- ↑ Dean, Tim (2010? 8? 2?). “Inside nature's most efficient motor: the flagellar”. 《Australian Life Scientist》.
- ↑ Nagata, Yoshio (June 2014). “Unlocking the secrets of nature's nanomotor”. 《Nikkei Asian Review》.
- ↑ “Steps in the bacterial flagellar motor”. 《PLOS Computational Biology》 5 (10): e1000540. October 2009. arXiv:0904.0438. Bibcode:2009PLSCB...5E0540M. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000540. PMC 2759076. PMID 19851449.
- ↑ Whitfield, John (2008? 6? 19?). “Bacterial engines have their own clutch”. 《Nature News》 (??): news.2008.903. doi:10.1038/news.2008.903. 2017? 5? 17?? ???.
- ↑ 〈Chapter 13〉. 《Living at Micro Scale: The Unexpected Physics of Being Small》. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 2009. ISBN 978-0-674-03116-6.
- ↑ Hildebrand, Milton (November 1959). “Motions of the running Cheetah and Horse”. 《Journal of Mammalogy》 44 (4): 481–495. doi:10.2307/1376265. JSTOR 1376265. Although according to Hunter, Luke; Hamman, Dave (2003). 《Cheetah》. Struik Publishers. 37–38?.
the cheetah's fastest recorded speed was 110 km/h (68 mph)
- ↑ “How bacteria shift gears”. 《PLOS Biology》 9 (5): e1001061. May 2011. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001061. PMC 3091840. PMID 21572986.
- ↑ “Mechanisms of type III protein export for bacterial flagellar assembly”. 《Molecular BioSystems》 4 (11): 1105–15. November 2008. doi:10.1039/b808065h. PMID 18931786.
- ↑ “Reconstitution of Bacterial Flagella In Vitro”. 《Journal of Molecular Biology》 10: 42–56. October 1964. doi:10.1016/S0022-2836(64)80026-7. PMID 14222895.
- ↑ ? ? “From The Origin of Species to the origin of bacterial flagella”. 《Nature Reviews. Microbiology》 4 (10): 784–90. October 2006. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1493. PMID 16953248.
- ↑ ? ? “Evolution of bacterial type III protein secretion systems”. 《Trends in Microbiology》 12 (3): 113–5. March 2004. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2004.01.003. PMID 15001186.
- ↑ “Bacterial type III secretion systems are ancient and evolved by multiple horizontal-transfer events”. 《Gene》 312: 151–63. July 2003. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(03)00612-7. PMID 12909351.
- ↑ “Evolution of the type III secretion system and its effectors in plant-microbe interactions”. 《The New Phytologist》 177 (1): 33–47. 2008. doi:10.1111/J.1469-8137.2007.02293.X. PMID 18078471.
- ↑ Behe, M. (2007) The Edge of Evolution. Free Press, New York
- ↑ “The protein network of bacterial motility”. 《Molecular Systems Biology》 3: 128. 2007. doi:10.1038/msb4100166. PMC 1943423. PMID 17667950.
- ↑ “Novel conserved assembly factor of the bacterial flagellum”. 《Journal of Bacteriology》 188 (21): 7700–6. November 2006. doi:10.1128/JB.00820-06. PMC 1636259. PMID 16936039.
- ↑ “Novel genes associated with enhanced motility of Escherichia coli ST131”. 《PLOS ONE》 12 (5): e0176290. 2017? 5? 10?. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1276290K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0176290. PMC 5425062. PMID 28489862.
- ↑ “Bacterial flagella and Type III secretion: case studies in the evolution of complexity”. 《Genome Dynamics》 3: 30–47. 2005. doi:10.1159/000107602. ISBN 978-3-8055-8340-4. PMID 18753783.
- ↑ “Bacterial flagella” (PDF). 2022? 10? 9?? ?? ?? (PDF)?? ??? ??. 2021? 12? 29?? ???.
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- ↑ ? ? Barsanti, Laura; Gualtieri, Paolo (2006). 《Algae: Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Biotechnology》. Florida, USA: CRC Press. ISBN 9780203492598.
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lee tubular hairs.
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- ↑ 《Aquatic phycomycetes》 2?. Ann Arbor: Michigan: University of Michigan Press. 1960. 15?.
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- ↑ “Origin and evolution of flagellar movement”. 《Cell Motil》 5: 137–138. 1985. 2016? 3? 3?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 8? 25?? ???.
- ↑ Madigan, Michael T. (2019). 《Brock biology of microorganisms》 Fifteen, Global?. NY, NY. 70–71?. ISBN 9781292235103.
- ↑ ? ? “Assembly and function of the archaeal flagellum”. 《Biochemical Society Transactions》 39 (1): 64–9. January 2011. doi:10.1042/BST0390064. PMID 21265748.
- ↑ “The archaeal flagellum: a different kind of prokaryotic motility structure”. 《FEMS Microbiology Reviews》 25 (2): 147–74. April 2001. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2001.tb00575.x. PMID 11250034.
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- ↑ Berg, Howard C. (2003). 《E. coli in motion》 1. Aufl.?. New York: Springer. ISBN 9780387008882.