周航朋友圈回应乐视：不在乎被泼脏水 请直面易到困境
???(cosmology ?? ???? κ?σμο?(cosmos) '??, ??' ??? λογ?α(logia) '??'?? ??)? ??(universe)? ??? ??(cosmos)? ??? ???, ????? ? ???. ?????? ??? 1656? ??? ????Thomas Blount? 《???Glossographia》?? ??? ?? ????,[2] 1731? ?? ??? ????? ??Christian Wolff? 《??? ???Cosmologia Generalis》?? ???? ????.[3] ??? ?? ??? ???? ??, ??, ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????. ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????.
?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??, ??? ??? ??? ??, ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????.[4] ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????, ???? ??? ? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????. ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ? ???, ???? ? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??. ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????. ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???(??) ??:[5][6] ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??-CDM ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??.
?? ??????(theoretical astrophysicist)? ???? ???David Spergel? ??? ??? ???? ?? "??? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????" ??? ???? "???? ??"??? ????.[7]
??
[??](??? ?)
??? ? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ? ???? ??? ???. ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?????. ??? ????? ???(??)?? ??? ?, ?? ????? 137? 9,900?±0.21? ? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????.[8] ???? ??? ??? ???? ???(cosmography)? ??? ??? ?????.
???? 《????》??? ???? ???(??? ?? ??), ???(??? ?? ??), ???(??? ?? ??) ? ???(?? ?? ??)?? ???? ??.[9]
????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????. ?? ???? ??????? ? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? ????: "??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???, ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????, ??? ????? ???."[10]
??
[??]?? ???
[??]
? ??? ??? ?? ??????. ?? ??? ??? ??????.?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ? ?? ???? ? ????. ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????. ??? ??? ?? '????'?? ??? ??? ?? ????. ???? ??? ???? ???????, ??????? ? ???????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????. 16?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????. ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??(Epistemological rupture)? ??? ? ????.
1687?? ??? ??? ??? 《????? ??? ??》? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????. ? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????, ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ? ?? ? ???. ??? ???? ? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????. ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????.
?? ?? ???? 1917? ???? ?????? "?? ?????? ???? ??"[11] ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??(? ??? 1? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???). ?? ?????? ?? ? ??, ?? ?????? ? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ? ??? ??? ? ?? ??? ?????. ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????. 1922??, ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????.
| ???? ?? |
| ?? ??? |
|---|
|
???(??) · ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? |
 ??? ?? |
???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???(1917~1922?)? ??? ??? ????, ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????.[12] ?? ???? ?? ??? ? ??? ? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??, ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????. ??? ??? ??? 1920? 4? 26? ??? DC?? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???., ? ??? 1923?? 1924? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????.[13][14] ? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????.
?? ?? ???? ?????? 1917? ???? ??? ????? ? ?? ?? ????? ??? ? ??? ???? ????. ??? ???(??) ??? 1927? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????[15] ?? 1929? ??? ??? ???? ??[16] ??? 1964? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????.[17] ??? ??? ?? ?? ???(alternative cosmology)? ? ??? ???? ??????.
1990???? ?? ???? ? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????. ??? ???? COBE,[18] WMAP[19] ? ??? ??[20]? ????? ?? ??, 2dF ?? ???? ??[21] ? SDSS[22]? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??(redshift survey) ??? ??? ???? ? ?? ?? ??? ????. ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??, ??? ?? ??, ??-CDM ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????. ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? "???? ???"?? ??? ???.[23]
2014?? BICEP2 ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????. ???? ??? ??? ??? ????. ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????.[24][25]
2014? 12? 1?, ???? ????? ?? ??? 2014 ???? ?????? ??? ??? 138? ??? ?? ?? 4.9%, ?? ?? 26.6%, ?? ??? 68.5%? ???? ??? ????.[26]
??? ?? ??? ???
[??] en:Religious cosmology ??? ??????.??? ?? ??? ???? ???, ??? ? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????. ?? ??? ???? ???? ????, ????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?Charles Long? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???.
- ??? ????? ???? ? ?? ??? ???:
- ??? ??? ??, ?, ? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??(Creatio ex nihilo).
- ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??(primordial ocean)? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???(earth-diver) ??.
- ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???.
- ? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??.
- ??? ?(cosmic egg)? ???? ??(chaos)???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??.[27]
??
[??]???? ??, ?? ? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???. ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?????.[28] ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ? ??. ?? ??? ??? ???? ? ?? ??? ??? ??:[29][30]
- ??? ??? ????? ? ? ?? ??? ????(???)? ? ??? ????? (???, ???, ??? ? ??? ??)
- ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? (????, ???, ???, ??? ??)
- ??? ???? ???? ??? (???) ????? ???? ??? ???? (??? ??)
- ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ? ? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? (??? ??)
??? ???
[??]| ?? | ?? ? ?? | ?? | ?? |
|---|---|---|---|
| ?? ???(Hindu cosmology) | ????(??? 1700~1100??) | ??? ?? ??, ?? ??? | ?? ??(Prak?ti)? 311? 4,000? ? ?? ????, ?? ?? ?? ?????(Mahapralaya). ??? 43? 2,000? ?(??)?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?????(Pralaya). ??? ?? ??? ??? ????. ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???. |
| ???? ???(Jain cosmology) | ???? ????(Jain Agamas) (??? 599-527? ????? ???? ?? ??? 500??? ???) |
??? ?? ??, ?? ? ?? | ???? ???? ??, ? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????, ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ? ?? ??? ????? ????. ????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????. |
| ????? ???(Babylonian cosmology) | ??? ?? (??? 2300-500??) | ??? "??? ?"? ? ?? ??? ?? | ??? ??? ??? "??? ?" ??? ??? ??? ???; ??? ???? ???? ?? ? ??? ?("??")? ??? "??? ??"? ?? ??. |
| ??? ?? ??? | ?????? (??? 515??) | ???? ??? ?? | ??? ??? ??, ????, ????, ????, ????, ????? ????? ???. ??? ?????. ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????. ??? ? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????. |
| ??? ?? ?? | ???Kapila (??? 6??), ?? ??? | ????? (??)? ??? (??) ?? | ?????(??)? ??? ??? ????. ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????. '?????'? ??(???(??? ?? ???), ??(?? ?? ???), ???(?? ?? ???)? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????. ???? ???? ?????-??(?? ???)?? ???, ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???.[?? ??] |
| ??? ???(Biblical cosmology) | ??? ?? ??? | ??? "??? ?" ?? ? ?? ?? | ??? ??? ??? "??? ?" ??? ??? ??? ????, ??? ??? "??? ??"? ?? ??. |
| ???????? ??(Anaximander's model) | ??????? (??? 560??) | ???, ??? ??, ??? ??, ??? ??; ??? ?? ??? ?? | ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ? ??.[31] ??? ??? ??? ??? ?, ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????. ? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????. ??? ?? ?? ? ?? ? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????. ? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?(??? ??), ?, ??? ??? ????.[32] |
| ???? ??? | ??????(??? 500-428?) ? ? ??? ????? | ??? ?? | ???? ?? ? ??, ? ??? ?? ?? ??(???)? ??? ??? ??? ????. ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????. ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????. ?????? ??? ??? ????: "???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????". ??? ??? ?? ???? ???.[?? ??] |
| ????? ??(Pythagorean universe) | ????? (??? 390??) | ??? ??? "?? ?"? ??. | ??? ???? ??, ??, ?, ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??. ??? 1?? ? ? ?? ? ??? ????, ??? ???? ???. ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???. ??? ??? ???? ??? ????.[33] |
| ? ??(De Mundo) | ?? ???????(Pseudo-Aristotle) (??? 250? ?? ??? 350??? 200? ??) | ??? ??? ?? ? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????. | "?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????, ??? ?? ? ?? ?? ? ? ?? ???? ???, ? ?? ???? ??, ??? ???? ?, ?? ???? ?? ? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????."[34] |
| ??? ?? ?? | ????? (??? 300?~200?) | ? ?? | ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??. ??? ???? ??? ???, ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???. |
| ??? ?? | ??? (?? 360??) | ?????, ??? ?????, ?? ??, ?? ? ?? ??, ??? | ??? ?? ??, ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???, ??????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?????[35]: ?, ??, ?? ? ?? ?(fixed stars).[36][37] ??? ????? '??? ?'?? ????..[38] |
| ?????? ?? | ????? (??? 340??) ? ?? ????Callippus. | ?????, ??? ???? ??? ?? | ??? ?? ??? ???? ? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????, ? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????.[39] 27?? ?? ??? ???, ? ?? ? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????. ?????? ? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????.[40] |
| ???????? ??(Aristotelian universe) | ??????? (??? 384-322?) | ????? (?????? ??? ??), ??, ?? ??, ??? ??, ??? ?? | ???? ??? ??? 43~55?? ??? ???? ???(concentric spheres)? ???(Celestial spheres)? ???? ??.[41] ??? ???? ??? ?? ????. ? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ????.[42] |
| ??????? ??(Aristarchean universe) | ??????? (??? 280??) | ????? | ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??. ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??.[43] |
| ??????? ?? | ??????? (??? 2??) | ????? (??????? ?? ??) | ??? ??? ?? ??? ????. ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ? ? ?? ??(?? ?? ????? ?)?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ????. ???(Equant)? ??? ? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ? ?? ??. ??? ???? ? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??. ?????(??? ???). |
| ???? ??(Capella's model) | ?????? ???Martianus Capella (420??) | ????? ? ????? | ??? ??? ??? ?? ?, ??, ? ???, ??? ? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??.[44] |
| ????? ?? | ????? (499?) | ????? ?? ????? | ??? ?? ? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????; ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????. |
| ?? ?? | ?? ???? (500-1200?) | ??? ?? | ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? [? ?????]]? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????. ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ? ??, ??? ??? ??? ??Saadia Gaon ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????. |
| ??? ?? ??(Non-Parallel Multiverse). | ???? ???(800-1000?) | ?? ??, ??? ?? | ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????, ? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??-????(Jivātman)(??? ??)? ? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????, ?? ?? ??? ????. ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???.[45] |
| ?? ???(multiversal cosmology) | ??? ?-? ?-??Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (1149-1209?) | ?? ??, ?? ???? ??? | ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????, ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??. |
| ??? ???(Maragha models) | ??? ??(Maragha school)(1259-1528) | ????? | ??? ???(Maragheh observatory)?? ???(equant) ? ??(eccentrics)? ?? ??? ? ??? ?? ?? ?(Tusi couple)? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???. ?? ?? ? ???Ibn al-Shatir? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??, [[w:
Ali Qushji|?? ??Ali Qushji]]? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ? ? ???Al-Birjandi? ?? "?? ??"? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????. |
| ???? ?? | ???? ???? (1444-1544?) | ????? ? ????? | ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??; ??? ??? ??(Tychonic system)? ????. |
| ?????? ??(Copernican universe) | ????? ?????? (1473-1543?) | ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????, ??? ?? | ????? ?? ???. ??? ??? ??? ??, ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????. ??? ?? ??(fixed stars)? ??? ?? ????. |
| ??? ??(Tychonic system) | ?? ??? (1546-1601?) | ????? ? ????? | ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???, ??? ???? ??? ????. |
| ???? ??? | ???? ??? (1548-1600?) | ??? ??, ??? ??, ??, ???, ???? | ??? ?? ??? ???. ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ? ??? ??? ??. ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??, ??? ??? ?? ??(?, ?, ?, ??)? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????. |
| ? ???(De Magnete) | ??? ??? (1544-1603?) | ?????, ??? ??? | ??????? ??????, ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?(sphere of the fixed stars)? ?? ????? ????.[46] |
| ??? | ???? ??? (1571-1630?) | ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? | ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????, ? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????. |
| ?? ??? | ??? ?? (1642-1727?) | ?? (??), ?? ??, ??? | ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????. ???? ??? ???? ???? ??. ????? ??? ???? ?????. |
| ???? ???? ?? | ?? ????, 17?? | ?? (????), ?? ??, ??? | ???? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????. ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ? ???. |
| ??? ?? | ???? ??, ?? ????, 18?? | ?? (????), ?? ??, ??? | ??? ?? ? ? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??. ??? ??? ?????. |
| ????? ?? ????? ?? | ???? ?????, 1917? | ?? (???). ??? (???) | "???? ?? ??". ???? ??? ??? ????. ???? ???? ?? ??; ??? ??? ???? ??. ??? Λ? ????. ??? Λ? ??? ???? ???? ????. ????. |
| ???? ??(De Sitter universe) | ?? ????, 1917? | ???? ??? ??.
?? ??. Λ > 0 |
"?? ?? ??." ???? ??? ??. ?????? ?? ?????? ??. ??? ??? ???? ????. ????? ????? ???? (??? ???) |
| ??? ??(MacMillan universe) | ??? ?? ???William Duncan MacMillan 1920?? | ?? ? ?? ?? | ??? ??? ????? ????, ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????. |
| ???? ??, ?? ?? | ???? ???? 1922? | ?? ?? ??.
k = +1; Λ ?? |
?? ??. ?? ?? k = +1 |
| ???? ??, ???? | ???? ????, 1924? | ??? ???? ??.
k = -1; Λ ?? |
?? ??. ????? ???? (???). ????. ??? ???? |
| ?? ? ? ??(Dirac large numbers hypothesis) | ? ?? 1930?? | ????
................................... |
??? ??? ?? ???? G? ? ??? ????. ??? ???? ?? ??? ????. |
| ???? ? ?? | ?????? ????, 1932? | ???? ??? ??
k = 0 ; Λ = 0 ?? ?? |
?? ?? k = 0. ????? ??? ??? ???. "??? ??? ??? ??". ??? ????. ??? ?? ?? ? "?? ???" ??. ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??. ?? ?(deceleration term) 'q = 1/2? ???, ??? ?? ??? ???? ????. |
| ??? ???(??) (????-????) | ??? ???? 1927-29? | ??
Λ > 0 ; Λ > |??| |
Λ? ???? ???? ? ??? ??. ??? ?? ??? ??("?? ??")? ???. ? ? 2?? ??? ????. Λ? ??? ????? ??? ? ????. (????? ?? ??? ???? ????.) |
| ???? ??(Oscillating universe) (????-?????) | ????? ??, 1920?? | ????? ???? ??? | ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ? ??. ???(??)? ?? ???(? ???)? ???? ??? ??. (1917? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ? ?? ??? ??.) |
| ??? ?? | ?? ??? 1930? | ???? ??? ? ??? | ??? ????? 1917? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????, ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??. Λ? ??? ????. |
| ???? ???? ?? ??(Milne universe) | ???? ??Edward Milne, 1933?, 1935?;
??? H. ????William McCrea, 1930?? |
?? ?? ?? ???? ?? | ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????. ??? ?? ???? ???? ???. ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???; ???? ? ? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???(?? ???)? ??? ?? ???? ????. ??? ? ??? ???? ???? ? ??? ????(?? ??? ??)? ???. ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??. |
| ????-????-????-?? ??? ? ?? | ??? ????Howard Robertson, ?? ??, 1935? |
???? ?? | ???? ???? ??? ??. ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????. ? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? FLRW ?? ????-?? ????? ??? ??. |
| ?? ?? | ??? ??, ??? ??Thomas Gold, 1948? | ????, ?? ??, ??? | ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???. ??? ?? ???? ???? ??. ????? ??. ?? ? q = -1. |
| ?? ?? | ??? ?? 1948? | ??, ?? ??; ??? ???? | ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???. ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????. |
| ??????{ambiplasma} | ??? ?? 1965? ??? ??? |
?? ??, ??-??? ???? ?? ???? |
???? ???(plasma cosmology)? ??? ???? gks?. ??? ???(double layer)?? ???? "?? ???{meta-galaxies}"? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??. ?? ???? ?? ???? ????. ?? ?? ?? ??-???.???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??. |
| ???-? ?? | ? H. ???Carl H. Brans, ??? ?? ? |
???? | ??? ??? ??. G? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???. "??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???."[?? ??] |
| ?? ??? | ?? ?? 1980? | ??? ?? ? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???(??) | ??? ???? ??? ???? ??. ??? ?? ?? ???? ????, ??? ??? ?? ??? ???. ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????; ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??... |
| ??? ??? (?? ?? ??) | ???? ??, 1983? | ?? ?????? ???(??) | ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???; ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????. ??? ? ??? ??(spacetime foam)?? ?? ????. |
| ?? ??(Cyclic model) | ? ??????Paul Steinhardt; ? ??Neil Turok 2002? |
????? ???? ?? ????; M ??. | ? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? M ???(brane)? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???. ???? ?? ?? ???? ??. |
| ?? ??(Cyclic model) | ??? ??Lauris Baum; ? ???Paul Frampton 2007? | ??? ???? ?? ?? | ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????. ?? ??? ??? ? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????. |
? ??: "??"??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????. ?? G? ??? ?? ??? ????, Λ(??)? ??????.
?? ??
[??]??
[??]
- Bragg, Melvyn (2023). “The Universe's Shape”. 《bbc.co.uk》. BBC. 2023? 5? 23?? ???.
Melvyn Bragg discusses shape, size and topology of the universe and examines theories about its expansion. If it is already infinite, how can it be getting any bigger? And is there really only one?
- “Cosmic Journey: A History of Scientific Cosmology”. 《history.aip.org》. American Institute of Physics. 2023. 2023? 5? 23?? ???.
The history of cosmology is a grand story of discovery, from ancient Greek astronomy to -space telescopes.
- Dodelson, Scott; Schmidt, Fabian (2020). 《Modern Cosmology 2nd Edition》. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0128159484. Download full text: Dodelson, Scott; Schmidt, Fabian (2020). “Scott Dodelson - Fabian Schmidt - Modern Cosmology (2021) PDF” (PDF). 《scribd.com》. Academic Press. 2023? 5? 23?? ???.
- “Genesis, Search for Origins. End of mission wrap up.”. 《genesismission.jpl.nasa.gov》. NASA, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology. 2023? 5? 23?? ???.
About 4.6 billion years ago, the solar nebula transformed into the present solar system. In order to chemically model the processes which drove that transformation, we would, ideally, like to have a sample of that original nebula to use as a baseline from which we can track changes.
- Leonard, Scott A; McClure, Michael (2004). 《Myth and Knowing》. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-7674-1957-4.
- Lyth, David (1993? 12? 12?). “Introduction to Cosmology”. arXiv:astro-ph/9312022.
These notes form an introduction to cosmology with special emphasis on large scale structure, the cmb anisotropy and inflation.
Lectures given at the Summer School in High Energy Physics and Cosmology, ICTP (Trieste) 1993.) 60 pages, plus 5 Figures. - “NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED)”. 《ned.ipac.caltech.edu》. NASA. 2023. 2023? 5? 23?? ???.
April 2023 Release Highlights Database Updates
- “NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED)”. 《ned.ipac.caltech.edu》. NASA. 2020. 2023? 5? 23?? ???.
NED-D: A Master List of Redshift-Independent Extragalactic Distances
- “NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED)”. 《ned.ipac.caltech.edu》. NASA. 2020. 2023? 5? 23?? ???.
- Sophia Centre. The Sophia Centre for the Study of Cosmology in Culture, University of Wales Trinity Saint David.
??
[??]- ↑ Karl Hille, ??. (2016? 10? 13?). “Hubble Reveals Observable Universe Contains 10 Times More Galaxies Than Previously Thought”. NASA. 2016? 10? 17?? ???.
- ↑ Hetherington, Norriss S. (2014). 《Encyclopedia of Cosmology (Routledge Revivals): Historical, Philosophical, and Scientific Foundations of Modern Cosmology》. Routledge. 116?. ISBN 978-1-317-67766-6.
- ↑ Luminet, Jean-Pierre (2008). 《The Wraparound Universe》. CRC Press. 170?. ISBN 978-1-4398-6496-8. Extract of page 170
- ↑ "Introduction: Cosmology – space" ??? 3 7? 2015 - ??? ??. New Scientist. 4 September 2006
- ↑ "Cosmology" Oxford Dictionaries
- ↑ Overbye, Dennis (2019? 2? 25?). “Have Dark Forces Been Messing With the Cosmos? – Axions? Phantom energy? Astrophysicists scramble to patch a hole in the universe, rewriting cosmic history in the process.”. 《The New York Times》. 2019? 2? 26?? ???.
- ↑ David N. Spergel (Fall 2014). “Cosmology Today”. 《Daedalus》 143 (4): 125–133. doi:10.1162/DAED_a_00312. S2CID 57568214.
- ↑ Planck Collaboration (2016? 10? 1?). “Planck 2015 results. XIII. Cosmological parameters”. 《Astronomy & Astrophysics》 594 (13). Table 4 on page 31 of PDF. arXiv:1502.01589. Bibcode:2016A&A...594A..13P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201525830. S2CID 119262962.
- ↑ Diderot (Biography), Denis (2015? 4? 1?). “Detailed Explanation of the System of Human Knowledge”. 《Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert – Collaborative Translation Project》. 2015? 4? 1?? ???.
- ↑ 《The thoughts of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus viii. 52》.
- ↑ Einstein, A. (1952). “Cosmological considerations on the general theory of relativity”. 《The Principle of Relativity. Dover Books on Physics. June 1, 1952. 240 Pages. 0486600815, P. 175-188》: 175–188. Bibcode:1952prel.book..175E.
- ↑ Dodelson, Scott (2003? 3? 30?). 《Modern Cosmology》 (??). Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-08-051197-9.
- ↑ Falk, Dan (2009? 3? 18?). “Review: The Day We Found the Universe by Marcia Bartusiak”. 《New Scientist》 (??) 201 (2700): 45. doi:10.1016/S0262-4079(09)60809-5. ISSN 0262-4079.
- ↑ Hubble, E. P. (1926? 12? 1?). “Extragalactic nebulae.”. 《The Astrophysical Journal》 64: 321. Bibcode:1926ApJ....64..321H. doi:10.1086/143018. ISSN 0004-637X.
- ↑ Martin, G. (1883). “G. DELSAULX. — Sur une propriété de la diffraction des ondes planes; Annales de la Société scientifique de Bruxelles; 1882”. 《Journal de Physique Théorique et Appliquée》 (????) 2 (1): 175. doi:10.1051/jphystap:018830020017501. ISSN 0368-3893.
- ↑ Hubble, Edwin (1929? 3? 15?). “A Relation Between Distance and Radial Velocity Among Extra-Galactic Nebulae”. 《Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America》 15 (3): 168–173. Bibcode:1929PNAS...15..168H. doi:10.1073/pnas.15.3.168. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 522427. PMID 16577160.
- ↑ Penzias, A. A.; Wilson, R. W. (1965? 7? 1?). “A Measurement of Excess Antenna Temperature at 4080 Mc/s.”. 《The Astrophysical Journal》 142: 419–421. Bibcode:1965ApJ...142..419P. doi:10.1086/148307. ISSN 0004-637X.
- ↑ Boggess, N. W.; Mather, J. C.; Weiss, R.; Bennett, C. L.; Cheng, E. S.; Dwek, E.; Gulkis, S.; Hauser, M. G.; Janssen, M. A.; Kelsall, T.; Meyer, S. S. (1992? 10? 1?). “The COBE mission – Its design and performance two years after launch”. 《The Astrophysical Journal》 397: 420–429. Bibcode:1992ApJ...397..420B. doi:10.1086/171797. ISSN 0004-637X.
- ↑ Parker, Barry R. (1993). 《The vindication of the big bang : breakthroughs and barriers》. New York: Plenum Press. ISBN 0-306-44469-0. OCLC 27069165.
- ↑ 〈Computer Graphics Achievement Award〉. 《ACM SIGGRAPH 2018 Awards》. SIGGRAPH '18. Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada: Association for Computing Machinery. 2018? 8? 12?. 1?. doi:10.1145/3225151.3232529. ISBN 978-1-4503-5830-9. S2CID 51979217.
- ↑ Science, American Association for the Advancement of (2007? 6? 15?). “NETWATCH: Botany's Wayback Machine”. 《Science》 (??) 316 (5831): 1547. doi:10.1126/science.316.5831.1547d. ISSN 0036-8075. S2CID 220096361.
- ↑ Paraficz, D.; Hjorth, J.; Elíasdóttir, á (2009? 5? 1?). “Results of optical monitoring of 5 SDSS double QSOs with the Nordic Optical Telescope”. 《Astronomy & Astrophysics》 (??) 499 (2): 395–408. arXiv:0903.1027. Bibcode:2009A&A...499..395P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200811387. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ↑ Alan Guth is reported to have made this very claim in an Edge Foundation interview EDGE ??? 11 4? 2016 - ??? ??
- ↑ Sample, Ian (2014? 6? 4?). “Gravitational waves turn to dust after claims of flawed analysis”. 《the Guardian》.
- ↑ Cowen, Ron (2015? 1? 30?). “Gravitational waves discovery now officially dead”. 《Nature》. doi:10.1038/nature.2015.16830. S2CID 124938210.
- ↑ Dennis Overbye (2014? 12? 1?). “New Images Refine View of Infant Universe”. 《The New York Times》. 2014? 12? 2?? ???.
- ↑ Leonard & McClure 2004, 32–33?
- ↑ Crouch, C. L. (2010? 2? 8?). “Genesis 1:26-7 As a statement of humanity's divine parentage”. 《The Journal of Theological Studies》 (??) 61 (1): 1–15. doi:10.1093/jts/flp185.
- ↑ “BICEP2 2014 Results Release”. 《National Science Foundation》. 2014? 3? 17?. 2014? 3? 18?? ???.
- ↑ “Publications – Cosmos”. 《www.cosmos.esa.int》 (?? ??). 2018? 8? 19?? ???.
- ↑ Aristotle, On the Heavens, ii, 13
- ↑ Most of Anaximander's model of the Universe comes from pseudo-Plutarch (II, 20–28):
- "[The Sun] is a circle twenty-eight times as big as the Earth, with the outline similar to that of a fire-filled chariot wheel, on which appears a mouth in certain places and through which it exposes its fire, as through the hole on a flute. [...] the Sun is equal to the Earth, but the circle on which it breathes and on which it's borne is twenty-seven times as big as the whole earth. [...] [The eclipse] is when the mouth from which comes the fire heat is closed. [...] [The Moon] is a circle nineteen times as big as the whole earth, all filled with fire, like that of the Sun".
- ↑ Carl B. Boyer (1968), A History of Mathematics. Wiley. ISBN 0471543977. p. 54.
- ↑ Aristotle (1914). Forster, E. S.; Dobson, J. F., ??. 《De Mundo》. Oxford University Press. 393a.
- ↑ "?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??: ??? ? ?? ?? ??? ?? '??'? ??? ? ?? ??? ???? ???? '??' ??? ?? ?? ? ???? ??? ?3? ?? ??? ??? ???. ?????, ?? '?? ?'? '?? ?'? ?? ??, ?? ? ?? ?? ?? ? ?? ??? ?? ??? '?? ?'? ???. ??? ?? ? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???, ?? ??? '?? ?'? '?? ?'? ???? ????. ?? ?? ? ? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?, ??? ? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?, ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ? ??? ??, ??, ??? ???? ?? ???." (35a-b), ?? ??? J. ??
- ↑ Plato, Timaeus, 36c
- ↑ Plato, Timaeus, 36d
- ↑ Plato, Timaeus, 39d
- ↑ Yavetz, Ido (February 1998). “On the Homocentric Spheres of Eudoxus”. 《Archive for History of Exact Sciences》 52 (3): 222–225. Bibcode:1998AHES...52..222Y. doi:10.1007/s004070050017. JSTOR 41134047. S2CID 121186044.
- ↑ Crowe, Michael (2001). 《Theories of the World from Antiquity to the Copernican Revolution》. Mineola, NY: Dover. 23?. ISBN 0-486-41444-2.
- ↑ Easterling, H (1961). “Homocentric Spheres in De Caelo”. 《Phronesis》 6 (2): 138–141. doi:10.1163/156852861x00161. JSTOR 4181694.
- ↑ Lloyd, G. E. R. (1968). 《The critic of Plato. Aristotle: The Growth and Structure of His Thought》. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-09456-6.
- ↑ Hirshfeld, Alan W. (2004). “The Triangles of Aristarchus”. 《The Mathematics Teacher》 97 (4): 228–231. doi:10.5951/MT.97.4.0228. ISSN 0025-5769. JSTOR 20871578.
- ↑ Bruce S. Eastwood, Ordering the Heavens: Roman Astronomy and Cosmology in the Carolingian Renaissance (Leiden: Brill, 2007), pp. 238–9.
- ↑ Mirabello, Mark (2016? 9? 15?). 《A Traveler's Guide to the Afterlife: Traditions and Beliefs on Death, Dying, and What Lies Beyond》 (??). Simon and Schuster. 23?. ISBN 978-1-62055-598-9.
- ↑ Gilbert, William (1893). 〈Book 6, Chapter III〉. 《De Magnete》. ?? Mottelay, P. Fleury. (Facsimile). New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-26761-X.
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