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?????(??????: ??????)? ?? ??? ???? ?? “??” ?? ? ????.[1][2][3][4] ??? 5?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????, ??, ????? ?? ??????.[1][2][5] ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???????.[1][2][6] ?????? ??? ??? ? ??? ?? ???, ??? ??? ? ???? ????? ? ????? ?????.[7]
???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???, ??? ?? ? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??.[1][2] ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? 2? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???.[1][2][8] ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ? ??.[1][2][9] ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??(??? ???? ?)? ?? ???? ??? ??? 2? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????.[2][10] ??? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???, ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??.[2]
???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???(“??”) ??,[2][4][11] ????? ???, ?????, ???? ???, ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????.[2][4][8] ???? ??? ??? ??, ??, ??? ??? ???? ??(???)? ?? ? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???, ????? ????.[2][11] ?????? ? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????.[12] ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??, ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????.[2][13] ????? ??? ????? ?????.[14] ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???.[15][16][17]
???? ??? ??? 4??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ? ??? ??? ???. ? ? ? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? 14???? ?? 2,000? ?? ?????.[1][3][12][18] ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??, ?? ? ?? ???? ?? ? ???? ????.[19]
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[??]- ↑ ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Johnson, W. J. (2009). 〈ājīvika〉. 《A Dictionary of Hinduism》 1?. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-172670-5. 2022? 3? 1?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 2? 24?? ???.
ājīvika (‘Follower of the Way of Life’): Name given to members of a heterodox ascetic order, apparently founded at the same time as the Buddhist and Jaina orders, and now extinct, although active in South India as late as the 13th century. No first-hand record survives of ājīvika doctrines, so what is known about them is derived largely from the accounts of their rivals. According to Jaina sources, the ājīvika's founder, Makkhali Gosāla, was for six years a disciple and companion of the Jina-to-be, Mahāvīra, until they fell out.
- ↑ ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Balcerowicz, Piotr (2016). 〈Determinism, ājīvikas, and Jainism〉. 《Early Asceticism in India: ājīvikism and Jainism》. Routledge Advances in Jaina Studies 1?. London and New York: Routledge. 136–174?. ISBN 978-1-317-53853-0. 2022? 2? 24?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 2? 24?? ???.
The ājīvikas' doctrinal signature was indubitably the idea of determinism and fate, which traditionally incorporated four elements: the doctrine of destiny (niyati-vāda), the doctrine of predetermined concurrence of factors (sa?gati-vāda), the doctrine of intrinsic nature (svabhāva-vāda), occasionally also linked to materialists, and the doctrine of fate (daiva-vāda), or simply fatalism. The ājīvikas' emphasis on fate and determinism was so profound that later sources would consistently refer to them as niyati-vādins, or ‘the propounders of the doctrine of destiny’.
- ↑ ? ? Natalia Isaeva (1993), Shankara and Indian Philosophy, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0791412817, pages 20-23
- ↑ ? ? ? James Lochtefeld, "Ajivika", The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A–M, Rosen Publishing. ISBN 978-0823931798, page 22
- ↑ Jeffrey D Long (2009), Jainism: An Introduction, Macmillan, ISBN 978-1845116255, page 199
- ↑ Basham 1951, 145–146?.
- ↑ Fogelin, Lars (2015). 《An Archaeological History of Indian Buddhism》 (??). Oxford University Press. 26?. ISBN 978-0-19-994822-2. 2023? 7? 3?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2019? 11? 16?? ???.
- ↑ ? ? Basham 1951, Chapter 1.
- ↑ Basham 1951, 224–238?:The fundamental principle of ājīvika philosophy was Fate, usually called Niyati. Buddhist and Jaina sources agree that Gosāla was a rigid determinist, who exalted Niyati to the status of the motive factor of the universe and the sole agent of all phenomenal change. This is quite clear in our locus classicus, the Sama??aphala Sutta. Sin and suffering, attributed by other sects to the laws of karma, the result of evil committed in the previous lives or in the present one, were declared by Gosāla to be without cause or basis, other, presumably, than the force of destiny. Similarly, the escape from evil, the working off of accumulated evil karma, was likewise without cause or basis.
- ↑ Paul Dundas (2002), The Jains (The Library of Religious Beliefs and Practices), Routledge, ISBN 978-0415266055, pages 28-30
- ↑ ? ? Leaman, Oliver, ??. (1999). 〈Fatalism〉. 《Key Concepts in Eastern Philosophy》. Routledge Key Guides 1?. London and New York: Routledge. 80–81?. ISBN 978-0-415-17363-6. 2022? 2? 20?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 2? 20?? ???.
Fatalism. Some of the teachings of Indian philosophy are fatalistic. For example, the Ajivika school argued that fate (nyati) governs both the cycle of birth and rebirth, and also individual lives. Suffering is not attributed to past actions, but just takes place without any cause or rationale, as does relief from suffering. There is nothing we can do to achieve moksha, we just have to hope that all will go well with us. [...] But the Ajivikas were committed to asceticism, and they justified this in terms of its practice being just as determined by fate as anything else.
- ↑ ? ? Ajivikas ??? 17 7? 2019 - ??? ?? World Religions Project, University of Cumbria, United Kingdom
- ↑ Basham 1951, 262–270?.
- ↑ Johannes Quack (2014), The Oxford Handbook of Atheism (Editors: Stephen Bullivant, Michael Ruse), Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0199644650, page 654
- ↑ Analayo (2004), Satipa??hāna: The Direct Path to Realization, ISBN 978-1899579549, pp. 207-208
- ↑ Basham 1951, 240–261?.
- ↑ Basham 1951, 270–273?.
- ↑ Arthur Basham, Kenneth Zysk (1991), The Origins and Development of Classical Hinduism, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195073492, Chapter 4
- ↑ DM Riepe (1996), Naturalistic Tradition in Indian Thought, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120812932, pages 39-40
