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	; 2015? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????
??? ???? ?1? ??? ;
??	2005? 6? 14?~2017? 11? 1?
???	???? ?? ??
	??: -(0?) ??: ???? ????(2?)
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???	1946? 8? 16?
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????	1983~?
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??	1983? ??? ?? ; ?? ??; ?? ??; 1991? ??? ??; ??? ??? ??; ??? ??

百度　　精准杀熟？　　这些情况你是否也遇到过……　　此前，媒体调查就曾发现，在机票、酒店、电影、电商、出行等多个价格有波动的平台都存在类似情况，且在在线旅游平台较为普遍，而国外一些网站早已有过类似情况。

??? ????(??????? ??????? ?? Mes?d Barzan?, 1946? 8? 16?~)? ??? ????? ????? 2005??? ??? ???? ??????? 1979??? ????? ???? ?????. ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ? ???? ????? ???? ???. ????? ??? ??? ??? ??-??? ???? ??? ???? ???, ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??.

??? ???? ???

?? ???? 1991? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????. ?? ??? ?? ?? 1992? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????. ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???. ??? 1994? 5? ? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????. ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? 1996? 8? 31? ??? ??? ??? ????. 1998? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????.^[1] 2003? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? 2004? 4? ??? ??? ??? ???. ?? 2005? 6? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????.^[2]^[3]^[4] ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??, ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??.

?? ??? ?? W. ??? 2005? 10? 25? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??.

2011? 2?, ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????, ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????. ?? ? ?? ???? 16?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???. ??? ???? ?????? ?? 2005? 10? 25? ????? ?? W. ??? ??? ???, ??? 10? 31??? ?? ?? ?? ????? ???. 2005? 11? 13??? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? 2007? 3? 13??? ???????? ??? ??? ? ????? ????? ??? ???. 2007? 3? 19??? ???? ???? ??? 2?? ???.^[5]

2009? 7? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? 69.6%? ???. 2013? ??? ??? 8??? ????? ??? ??? ??? 2?? ??? ??? ????.^[6]^[7] ??? ????? 2014? ???? ??? ??? ?? ? 1??? ?????? ? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????.^[8]

??

???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ? ??? ? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??. ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ? ? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ? ??.^[9] ???? ?? ??? ? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???. 2010? 7? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?????.^[10] 2010? 5? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????.^[11] 2005? 12??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??.^[12] ?? 2006? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????.^[13]

?? ??

?? ?? ??

???	???	??	??	???	???	??	??
2009? ??	?????? ???	1?	????? ???	69.6%	1,266,397?	1?

??

↑ Iraqi Kurdistan: Political Development and Emergent Democracy, Routledge/Curzon, 2003
↑ “Middle East | Iraqi Kurdistan leader sworn in”. BBC News. 2005? 6? 14?. 2012? 2? 22?? ???.
↑ (2005? 6? 12?). “Kurds in Northern Iraq Elect Regional President”. Voanews.com. 2012? 2? 22?? ???.
↑ “President Bush Meets with President Barzani of Kurdistan Regional Government of Iraq”. Georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov. 2005? 10? 25?. 2012? 2? 22?? ???.
↑ “??? ??”. 2008? 8? 28?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2008? 9? 13?? ???.
↑ Chomani, Kamal. “Iraqi Kurdistan Elections Could Be Turning Point”. 《Ekurd》. ekurd.net. 2013? 10? 12?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2013? 10? 11?? ???.
↑ “Kurdistan: Fin de renaissance: Once booming, the statelet is now in crisis”. 《The Economist》. 2016? 3? 19?? ???.
↑ Time, Time magazine (2014? 12? 8?). “TIME Unveils Finalists for 2014 Person of the Year”. 《time.com》 (Time magazine). 2014? 12? 10?? ???.
↑ Rubin, Michael (January 2008). “Is Iraqi Kurdistan a Good Ally?”. 《AEI Middle Eastern Outlook》. Middle East Forum. 2010? 3? 31?? ???.
↑ “Rudaw in English The Happening: Latest News and Multimedia about Kurdistan, Iraq and the World - KDP To Sue Change Movement‘s Paper”. Rudaw.net. 2011? 7? 20?. 2012? 3? 23?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2012? 2? 22?? ???.
↑ “Second journalist killed in Iraqi Kurdistan - Reporters Without Borders”. En.rsf.org. 2010? 9? 24?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2012? 2? 22?? ???.
↑ Richard A. Oppel, Jr. (2006? 1? 26?). “Defamer or dissident? Kurd tests the new Iraq”. 《The New York Times》. 2017? 10? 14?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2012? 12? 3?? ???.
↑ “Cyber-dissident Kamal Sayid Qadir released”. Reporters Without Borders via IFEX. 2006? 4? 4?. 2012? 12? 3?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2012? 12? 3?? ???.

?? ??

????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????.

[1] Iraqi Kurdistan: Political Development and Emergent Democracy, Routledge/Curzon, 2003

[2] “Middle East | Iraqi Kurdistan leader sworn in”. BBC News. 2005? 6? 14?. 2012? 2? 22?? ???.

[3] (2005? 6? 12?). “Kurds in Northern Iraq Elect Regional President”. Voanews.com. 2012? 2? 22?? ???.

[4] “President Bush Meets with President Barzani of Kurdistan Regional Government of Iraq”. Georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov. 2005? 10? 25?. 2012? 2? 22?? ???.

[5] “??? ??”. 2008? 8? 28?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2008? 9? 13?? ???.

[6] Chomani, Kamal. “Iraqi Kurdistan Elections Could Be Turning Point”. 《Ekurd》. ekurd.net. 2013? 10? 12?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2013? 10? 11?? ???.

[7] “Kurdistan: Fin de renaissance: Once booming, the statelet is now in crisis”. 《The Economist》. 2016? 3? 19?? ???.

[8] Time, Time magazine (2014? 12? 8?). “TIME Unveils Finalists for 2014 Person of the Year”. 《time.com》 (Time magazine). 2014? 12? 10?? ???.

[9] Rubin, Michael (January 2008). “Is Iraqi Kurdistan a Good Ally?”. 《AEI Middle Eastern Outlook》. Middle East Forum. 2010? 3? 31?? ???.

[10] “Rudaw in English The Happening: Latest News and Multimedia about Kurdistan, Iraq and the World - KDP To Sue Change Movement‘s Paper”. Rudaw.net. 2011? 7? 20?. 2012? 3? 23?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2012? 2? 22?? ???.

[11] “Second journalist killed in Iraqi Kurdistan - Reporters Without Borders”. En.rsf.org. 2010? 9? 24?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2012? 2? 22?? ???.

[12] Richard A. Oppel, Jr. (2006? 1? 26?). “Defamer or dissident? Kurd tests the new Iraq”. 《The New York Times》. 2017? 10? 14?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2012? 12? 3?? ???.

[13] “Cyber-dissident Kamal Sayid Qadir released”. Reporters Without Borders via IFEX. 2006? 4? 4?. 2012? 12? 3?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2012? 12? 3?? ???.

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