林心如为庆女儿百日首晒孕照 这下baby就尴尬了

????(meiosis, i/ma??o?s?s/, ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? με?ωσι?, meiosis?? ???[1][2])?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???(gamete)? ???? ?? ????(germ cell)?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????. ????? ? 2?? ??? ??, ? ??? ??? ???(????; n)? ??? 4?? ???? ???. ??, ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ? ???? ??? ??? ????.[3] ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???, ? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ? ??? ??? 2?? ??? ????(2n) ???(zygote)? ???.
?????? ??? ???? ?????(aneuploidy; ????? ??? ?) ???? ?????. ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????, ? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????, ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????.[4]
DNA ??? ?? ??? ? ????? ????, ???? ?? ?? 4?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????.[3] ? ? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? I(?? 1??)? ???? II(?? 2??)?? ??. ????? ???? ? S? ?, ? ???? DNA? ???? 2?? ??? ?? ????? ???. ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??. ???? ??? S?? '?????? S?'? '???? S?'??? ???. DNA ??? ????? ????? ??? G2?? ?????? ? ? ? ???? ??? ????. ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? DNA? ??? ?? ????. ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????. ???? ???? ?????? ??(crossover)? ?????, ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???(??: chiasma, ??: chiasmata; ??? ?? Chi(X)?? ???)??? ??. ??? ???? ???? ? ?? ??? ?? ???? I ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ? ?? ????. ???? I ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????.
???? II ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????. ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? 4? ??? ??, ??(??), ??? ?? ???(gamete)? ????. ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? 4? ? 3?? ??? ??? ????, ?? ??? 1?? ??? ????. ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ? ???? 2??? ??? ???? ???? ????. ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????, ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????. ???? ?? ?? ??, ???? ?? ??? 1?? ????? ???? ? 23?? ???? ????(? 46?), ?? ??? ??????, ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???. ??? ????? ?? ??? 1??(23?)? ???? ???? ???(??? ??)? ?????. 2?? ???(??? ??)? ????, ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? 23??? ???? ????? ??. ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????.
????? ??, ??, ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??(? ????)?? ????.[5][6][7] ???? ??? ????? ????? ? ? ??? ??? ?? ????.
??
[??]???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???, ? ?? ?? 2?? ???? ?? ??? ??.
??? | ???? | ? ?? ??? 2?(? ????? ???? ???) ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???. | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
????? | DNA ?? ??? ??? ???? ????;
????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???. | ||||||||||
??? ? (???) |
???? | ????? ?? ?? 4?? ???? ????, ? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???. | |||||||||
????? | ????? ??? 2?? ???? ????, ? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???. | ||||||||||
????? ? ??? ??? 2?? ???, ? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????. ?? ??? DNA ?? ??? ???, ??? ? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? 2?? ?????. ?? ? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????, ?? ?? ?? ??? ? ??? ???? ??(??)? ????. ? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????. ? ?? ??? DNA ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ? ?? ??? ????. ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????, ? 4?? ???? ??? ????. ?? ??? ? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ? ?? 1?? 2~3?? ?? ??? ????. ????? ?? ? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???. ?? ??? ? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???, ??? ??? ???, ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??. ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????, ?? ?? ??? ??? ? ?? ??? ? ???.
?????? ??? ??? 2?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????. ?? ??? ??, ????? ????? ??(??; spore)? ????, ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ? ?? ???? ????. ?????? ?(Bdelloidea)? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????.
????? ???? ??????? ???? ???, ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????. ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? '??' ??? ??? ?? ???, ? ?? ? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? DNA? ????, ?? ?? ???? ??? DNA ??? ?????.
??
[??]1876? ??? ???? ??? ????(Oscar Hertwig)? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????. 1883? ??? ???? ??? ? ???(Edouard Van Beneden)? ????? ?(Ascaris) ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ? ? ? ????. ??? ?? 1890? ??? ???? ????? ????(August Weismann)? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????, ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? 1?? ???? ?? 4?? ??? ??? 2?? ?? ??? ????? ????. 1911? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??(Thomas Hunt Morgan)? ??? ????? ??????(Drosophila melanogaster)? ???? ???? ??? ?????, ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????.
'meiosis'?? ??? '???'? ??? ???? με?ωσι??? ?????. J.B. ??(J.B. Farmer)? J.E.S. ??(J.E.S. Moore)? 1905?? ? ??? 'maiosis'?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????.
???? '?????'? '????'??? ??? 2?? ???? ???? ? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? Maiosis? Maiotic phase?? ??? ??? ?? ????.[8]
?? ???(Koernicke; 1905), ??? ??? ? ???(Pantel and De Sinety; 1906)? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? 'meiosis'?? ????.[9]
??? 20?? ?? 'meiosis'? ??? ?? '?? ???? ?? ??'??? ???? '減數分裂'(????)??? ???? ????, ?? ???? ? ?? ????? ? ???? ??? ???? ?????? '????'??? ??? ?????.
?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? meiosis? '????'? '???? ??' 2?? ??? ???? ??. ???, '????(reproductive cell)'? ???? ??? ?? ???, ?? ?? ??? ?? '????'? ??? ??? 'gamete', 'germ cell', 'generative cell' ??? ???? ?? ??? ????. ??? ?? '???? ??'??? ??? ?? ???? ???? '????'??? ?? ???? ???? ??.
????? ??? '?? 1??'? '?? 2??'??? ??? ?? '減数第一分裂'(??????)? '減数第二分裂'(??????)??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????, ???? ???? '???? I'? '???? II'?? ??? ??? ?? ????.
??
[??]????? ???? I? ???? II? ???. ? ??? ??? ??? I? ????? I, ??? ??? II? ????? II? ???. ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???.[10] ???? ??? ?? 3??? ??? ???.
- ??1(G1)?: ? ??? ?? ??? ???, ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????. G1??? ? ???? ?? DNA ??? ??? ????.
- ??(S)?: ?? ??? ????. ? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?? 2?? ??? ?? ????? ?????. ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???. ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???. ?? ??? ????? ?? I ?? ????.
- ??2(G2)?: ?????? ??? ?????? G2?? ??. ???? ?? I? ???????? G2?? ?? ????.
??? ?? ???? I? ????, ? ?? ???? II? ????. ???? I ?? ??? 2????? ???? ? ??? 2?? ????, ? ???? ??? 2?? ?? ????? ?????. ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????. ???? II ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? 4?? ???? ?? ??? ????. ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??????, ? ??? ??? 1??? ????. ?? ??? ???? I? ???? II ??? ???(interkinesis)?? ???? ???.
???? I? II? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??, ??, ??, ?? ??? ???. ??? ????? ???? I(?? I, ?? I, ?? I, ?? I)? ???? II(?? II, ?? II, ?? II, ?? II)? ????.
???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?????.[11][12] ???? ??? ???? mRNA ??? ??? ???? ?? ???, ???? ?? ??(?? ?? ?? ??? mRNA? ??? ??)? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????.[13] ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????.
???? I
[??]???? I ? 2? ???(2n, 4c)? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????. ? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? 2?? ???? ??(1n, 2c)? ?????. ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? I? ???? ?????? ???. ???? II? ?? ????? ???? 4?? ???? ???(1n, 1c)? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????.


?? I
[??]?? I? ?????? ?? ? ????(? 14? ?? ???? ??? ???? ? ?? I? 13? ?? ????[14]). ?? I ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????(synapsis), ?? ??? ????(?? ?????), ??? 1?? ?? 1? ??? ??? ????.[15] ?? ???(chiasma)? ?? ??? ??? ? ??.[16] ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ? ??? ???, ?? ?? ? ???? ? ???? ???? ??? ? ??? ???. ? ????? ???? ??? ? ?? ?? ?? ???? 2? ???(bivalent; ??? 2?) ?? 4? ???(tetrad; ???? 4?)?? ???. ?? I? ???? ??? ?? ?????, ???, ?????, ????, ???? 5??? ?????.
????? (Leptotene)
[??]?? I? ? ??? ????? '?? ?'??? ?? ?????(leptonema; ???)??.[17]:27 ?? I? ????? ? 2?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? '???'?? ??? ??? ? ?? ??? ????.[17]:27[18]:353 ? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??. ??? ??????(synaptonemal complex)? ?? ??(lateral element)? ?? ?, ??? ??? '? ??(axial element)'? ????.[19] ? ?? ? Spo11??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????(??? ?? ????? ? 300?).[20] ? ???? RAD51? DMC1? ?? ???? DNA? ?????, ? ???? DNA? ?? ???? ???? ??? ? ??? ??? ????, ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????(??? ?? ~400 nm ????).[19][21]
??? (Zygotene)
[??]????? ????? ????? '??? ?'??? ?? ???(zygotene)? ????.[17]:27 ????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? '??? ??(bouquet stage)'? ???? ??.[22] ?????? ??????? ?? ??(transverse element)? ?? ??(central element)? ????? ?? ???? ?? ? ?????(~100 nm) ???? ?? ???(? ??? ????? ?). ??(synapsis)? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????.[19] ??? ???? 2? ???? 4? ????? ???.
????? (Pachytene)
[??]????? '?? ?[17]:27'??? ?? ?????(pachytene /?p?k?ti?n/, ???, ???) ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????. ????? ? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????.[19] ???? DNA ??? ??? ???? ?? ? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???.[23] ??? DNA ???? ?? ? ??(???? ?? 1? ??)? ???(??) ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????.[24] ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???, ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????.[25] ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????, ? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???. ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ? ??, ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???.
???? (Diplotene)
[??]????? '2?? ?[17]:30'??? ?? ????(diplotene; ???) ?? ??????? ????, ?? ???? ?? ?? ????. ??? ? 2? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????. ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? I? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??.
?? ??? ????? ??, ???? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? I? ??? ???.[26] ??? ??? ??? ???(dictyate)?? ???. ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????.
??? (Diakinesis)
[??]????? '???[17]:30'??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ? ????. ? ??? ?????? ???? 4?? ????? ??? ???? ????. ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???. ?? ?? ????, ? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????. ?? ????, ??? ??? ????, ???? ??? ????.
???? ?? ??
[??]?????? ?? ??? ???, ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???. ??? ?? ?? 80?? ???????(MTOC)? ????? ??? ? ??? ??? ? ???? ????? ????, ? ???? ????? ?? ?????(kinetochore)? ????. ??? ???? MTOC? ? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??.[27] ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?, ????? ???? ????? ???? ? ??? ????.[28] ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????.[29]
?? I
[??]?? ??? ?? ?? ????? ????. ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ? ??? ?????? ????, ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????. ?? ???? ?? ???? ? ?????? ??? ???? ?? 2? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????. ?? ??? ?? ??(bipolar attachment)??? ??. ??? ???? ?? 2? ????? ??? ? ? 2? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????, ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????.[16] ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? I?? ?? ????? ?? ?????. ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ? ??? ????. ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???. ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? 1?? ?? 1? ??? ??? ????(??? ?? ??).
?? I
[??]????? ???? ????? ?? ???(?? ?? ???? ??? ????)? ?? ??? ??? ?????. ?? ???? ????? ???? ? ?? ????, ? ?? ??? ?????? ????.[16] ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???, ??? ?? ??? ???? ????, ???? ???? ???? ???(Shugoshin; '???'? ???)??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??.[30] ? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ? ??.
?? I
[??]? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???. ?? ? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????, ? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??. ?? ????? ??? ???? ????, ??? ??? ? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????. ???? ?? ???? ???. ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??, ???? ????? ??? ??? ???.
?? ??? ?? ??? ????, ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????, ? ?? 2?? ??? ??? ????. ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? '?????'? ????? ???? II? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????.[31] ?? ????? ?? I ???? ?? ??.
??? ???? ??? ???(interkinesis; ??? II??? ??)? ??? ?? ??. ? ???? DNA ??? ???? ???.
???? II
[??]???? II? ? ?? ?????, ?? ????? ????. ? ??? ?????? ????? ?????, ??? ??? ????? ???. ???? II? ???? ???? I?? ????? 2?? ???? ??(?? ???? 2?? ???? n ???)??? ? 4?? ???? ??(n ???)? ?????. ???? II? ??? ?? II, ?? II, ?? II, ?? II??.
?? II??? ???? ??? ?? ????, ???? ???? ?? ????. ???? ?? ???? ????, 2?? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????.
?? II??? ? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ? ???? ?????? ?? ????. ?? ???? ???? ???? I? ???? ???? ? 90°??? ????.[32]
?? II??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????, ?? ????? ????. ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????.[30]
?? II?? ???? II? ???, ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????. ??? ?? ????, ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ? 4?? ???? ????.
????? ?? ????? ??? ??? 4?? ?????? ???.
??? ??
[??]????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ? ??? ?? ???, ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???. ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????, ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???, ? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??. ??? ?? ??? 12? ? ?? ??? ???, ??, ??, ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????.
????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????. ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??(???)? ????? ?? ??? ? ????. ?? ?? ?? ????? ???? 2?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ? ??? ????.
????? ???? ??? ?? ?????. ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????, ??? ?? ??? ????? ????. ????? ? 22? ? ?? ??????? ?????, ??? ????? ??? ??? ????. ?????? ?? ???? ???? (1) ??? ????? ???? ? ??????? ?????, (2) ????? ??? ???? ? ??? ??.
???? ?? DNA? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????, ? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????. ????? ? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???. ??, ??? ????? ????. ?? I ? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? II ?? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????, ?? ? ?????(????? ?????) ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ? ??? ???.[33] ??, ????. ?? I ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????.[34]
?? I ??
[??]?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????, ? ????? ???? ?? I? ??? ??? ??.[35] ?? ??? ?? ??? ??, ????? ?? 3~4? ?? ?? ?? ? ????, ??? ??? ?? ??? ??. ??? ?? I? ??? ??(???; dictyate)? ?? ? ?? ??? ? ???, 4?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??. ??? ????? ?? ??? 4?? ??? ???? ???, ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? DNA? ??? ???? ? ??? ? ??.[35] ? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????.[35][36] ?? I ? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? DNA ??? ????? ??? ? ?? ??? ?? ????. DNA ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ? ?? ?????? ????, ??? ?? ??? ????.[36]
???
[??]?? ????
[??]

????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????. ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????. ??? ??? ??, ???? ??? ? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????. ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???. ???? ???? ?? ????, ??? ???? ???? ???.
???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????. ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??(???? ?? ??), ???? ??? ?? ?? ??(???? ?? ??), ? ?? ?? ?? ??(????? ?? ??, ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? 2?? ???? ??? ???). ? ???? ??, ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ? ??? ????.
???? ?? ??(diplontic life cycle)(??? ??? ?? ????)? ??, ???? ??????, ???(zygote)?? ??? ???? ????? ????. ??? ???? ?? ??? ????. ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???(??? ??, ??? ??)? ???, ???? ???? ???? ????. ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????.
???? ?? ??(haplontic life cycle)(??? ?? ?? ????)? ??, ???? ??????, ???(gamete)?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????. ?? ?? ?? ?? ? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????. ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? 4?? ???? ??? ????. ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???. ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????.
????? ????? ?? ??(haplodiplontic life cycle)(?? ?????? ?? ????)? ??, ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????. ????? ? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??. ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??(spore)? ???. ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????. ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??. ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ? ??.[37]
??? ????
[??]
????? ?? ??? ???? ????. ??? ?? ? ? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????, ??? ??? ?? ???. ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???. ??? ?? ??? ?? ??(algae)? ???? ???(sporophyte; ???) ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????. ? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????. ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???. ??? ?? ? ? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???.[38]
?????
[??]??? ?? ????(oocyte)?? ???? ????? ????. ? ??????? ????? ?? ? ? ????, ? ???? ????? ???. ? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??????, ??? ? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ? ? ?? ??. ???? II?? ???? ? ??? ????? ? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????, ? ??? ????? ??(ovum)? ??. ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???, 1~2?? ??? ?????.
??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????. ??? ????? ???? I? ?? I ? ??? ??, ????(follicle)?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???. ? ?? ??? ??? ?, ???????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????(folliculogenesis)??? ???? ???? ???. ? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? II? ?? II?? ??? ?, ?? ??? ?? II?? ?? ???. ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????, ??? ??? ????. ??? ????? ????(oogenesis)??? ??? ?? ?????, ???(dictyate) ???? ??? ? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??, ??? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???.[39][40]
??? ??? ????? ????(spermatogenesis) ??? ?? ????? ????. ???? ?? ???? ????? ????(spermatocyte?? ?? ??? ????? ????, ????? ???? ??(en:spermatozoa)? ??. ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ? ????. ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????. ???? ?? ???? ?? ????(??? ??; sertoli cell)? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????. ????? ?? ???? ???(nanos)? DAZL?? ??? ???? ???? ????.[41][42] ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?????, ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???.[43]
?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ????. ?? ??? ?? ??(????)?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????, ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???.[44] ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??????[45] ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???.[43]
???
[??]???? ???? ???? ?? ? 2? ????(???? ?? ??). ??? ???? Cryptocercus? ?? ???? ???????(parabasalid)? ??????(parabasalid) ?? ?? ???(flagellate)? ???? ?? ? 1? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????.[46]
?? ??? ????? ??
[??]?? ??? 23??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???, ? ???? ??? ?? ????. ??? ?? ???? 1.6? ? ?? ???? ????? ????. ??, ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????, ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????. ?? 100? bp(1 Mbp)? 1 cMorgan (cm = 1% ??? ??)? ????.[47] ?? 100? bp? 1% ??? ???? ????? ???. ?? ??? ?? ?????. ??, ??, ????? ???? ?? ??? 200? ??? ???? ??(DSB)? ????? ????. ???, DSB ? ??(??? ?? ~5-30%)? ??? ?????,[48] ? ?? ??? ?? ???? 1-2?? ??? ????.
???
[??]???? I?? ???? ????? ????, ???? II?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??(disjunction)?? ??. ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???(nondisjunction)?? ???. ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ? ??? ? ?? ???? ??? ??, ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????. ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? I?? ???? II ? ??? ?? ??, ????? ?? ??? ?? ??.
??? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???. ??? 21? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ? ??. ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????. ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???, ?? ??? ???? ??.
- ?? ??? - 21? ???? ?????
- ??? ??? - 13? ???? ?????
- ???? ??? - 18? ???? ?????
- ????? ??? - ???? X ???? ??? ?? - XXY, XXXY, XXXXY ?
- ?? ??? - ???? X ???? ?? ?? - XO
- ??? X ??? - ???? X ???? ??? ??
- ???? ??? - ???? Y ???? ??? ??
?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????,[49] ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????.[50]
?????? ??
[??]????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ??. ?? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????.[51]
???? | ????? | |
---|---|---|
?? ?? | ????? 4?? ???, ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? | 2?? ???, ???? ??? ?? ??? |
?? | ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? | ?? ??, ??, ??, ?? ?? |
???? ?? | ?? ?? ???? (??, ??, ??, ????);[52][46] ?????, ???? ?? ??(???? ????); ???? ? ???(???? ????); ??? ?? ??(????? ????) |
?? ????? ?? ???? ???? |
?? | ?? I, ?? I, ?? I, ?? I, ?? II, ?? II, ?? II, ?? II |
??, ???, ??, ??, ?? |
???? ????? ????? | ??? | ? |
??? ?????? | ?, ????? ?? ???? ? ? ???? ??? | ?? ?? |
?? ???? ?? ????? | ? | ??? |
????? | ?? I? ?? II ? ??? | ?? ? ??? |
??? ?? | ?? I ? ? ???? ?? II ? ??? | ?? ? ??? |
?? ??
[??]????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ? ??? ?? ??. ??????(maturation promoting factor)? ??? ????? ???? ? ?? ??? ? ??? ???. ?? ?? ? ??? Schizosaccharomyces pombe??? MeiRNA? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???.[53]
??? ??? CDE1? ???? ??? CEP1 ??? ??? ???? I ?? ???? ??? ? ???? ?????.[54]
???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????, ?? Spo11 ???? ?? ????. ?? Mre11, Sae2, Exo1 ???? DNA ??? ???? ????. DNA ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????. ???? ?? ???? ??(dHJ) ???, ?? ??? ?? ???(SDSA) ?? ? ??? ?????(SDSA ????? ??? ???? ???).[55]
???? ?????? ?????? ????. Schizosaccharomyces pombe??? Rad ???? Mek1(FHA ????? ??? ??), Cdc25, Cdc2 ???, ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????.[56]
????? ??????? ??????(CSF; cytostatic factor)? ???? II? ????? ??? ??.[54]
?? ??
[??]??
[??]- ↑ “4.1: Meiosis”. 《Biology LibreTexts》 (??). 2019? 10? 1?. 2021? 5? 29?? ???.
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?? ??
[??]??? ?
[??]- Freeman S (2005). 《Biological Science》 3?. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 9780131409415.