特效加大鸡腿！《EVE：瓦尔基里》新地图暗夜船坞
| |
| ???? ?? | |
|---|---|
| ??? | (C6H10O5)n |
| CAS ?? | 9005-79-2 |
| PubChem | 439177 |
| ChemSpider | 388322 |
| ??? ?? | |
| ??? | 543.15 K 270 °C 518 °F |
| ?? | ?? |
| ???? ?? | |
| ??? | |
| ?? | ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ? ??. |
????(??: glycogen) ?? ????(???: Glykogen)? ??,[2] ??,[3] ??, ???? ??? ??? ? ??? ????. ???(glucose)? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???, ?????. ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??.
????? ? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ? ??? ????, ?? ? ?? ??? ?? ??(?, ???)? ???????????. ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????.[2][4] ??? ????? ?? ??? 5~6%? ??? ? ??, 70 kg? ??? ?? ??? ?? ? 100~120 g? ????? ??? ? ??.[2][5] ????? ????? ?? ??(?? ??? 1~2%)? ????, 70 kg? ??? ?? ??? ???? ? 400 g? ????? ????.[2] ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??, ?????, ???? ?? ??? ??. ??? ????? ??, ???,[6][7][8] ??? ? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????.[9] ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????.[10]
??? ?? ??? ?? 4 g? ???? ?? ????.[2] ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????.[2] ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??.[2] ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ? ?? ???? ?????.[2] ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??, ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??.[2] ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ? 60%? ????.[2]
????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????. ????? ?????(??? ?? ??)? ??? ??? ??? ???, ???? ????? ??? ???, ?? ????. ????? ??? ? ? ?? ????? ?? ????. ????? ?? ?? ???? ????/????? ??? ??? ????, ??? ??? ??. ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ? ?? ??? ???? ?????, ?????????(??? ? ??) ?? ? ????. ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ????.[11][12][13]
??
[??]
????? ? 8~12?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???????.[14] ??? ????? α(1→4) ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????. ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? α(1→6) ?????? ???? ????.[15]
????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??.[16] ?????? ???? ????(glucosyltransferase) ??? ??? ?? ????, ????? ???? ???? ????. ?????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??.[17] ????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??.
??, ? ? ????? ????? ???? 1 g ? 0.45 ???(18 mg)? ??? ??? ????? ?? ? 3 ?? 4 ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????.[4]
??
[??]?
[??]???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????. ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????. ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????. ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ? ???? ??? ????. ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????.
???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????, ???? ??? ????. ???? ??? ? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????. ???? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ????. ?? 8~12 ?? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????.
???? ???? ? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??. ???? ??? ???? ????(???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????), ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???????(?? ??????? ???? ??)? ????.
??
[??]???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???. ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????. ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? 6-??????(??? 6-????????)? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???. ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???.[18]
??
[??]????? ??? ????? ?? ?????. ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????. 1857??? ????? "la matière glycogène" ?? "? ?? ??(sugar-forming substance)" ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????. ??? ????? ??? ?? A. ??(A. Sanson)? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????. ????? ??? (C6H10O5)n ? 1858? ????? ???? ?? ?????.[19]
????
[??]??
[??]
? ??? ??? ???? ?????.????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??(???? ??? ???)??. ???? ??? ?? ???? UDP-??? ?????????? ?? UTP? ??? 1-??? ???? ???? UDP-????? ????. ?????? ?????(homodimer)?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? 2?? ??? ??(anchor)? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? UDP-??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????. ??? ??? ? 8?? ??? ??? ??? ?, ???? ????? UDP-???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? α(1→4) ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???.[20]
???? ????(glycogen branching enzyme)? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????? 6~7?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? 6? ??(C-6)? ??????? ??? ?? ????. ???? ????? ??? 11?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ? ??, ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? ??.
??
[??] ? ??? ??? ???? ?????.????? ???? ???????(???? ???????)? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? 1-??? ????.
 |
?? ??? ??? ??? 1-??? ??? ?? 100? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????.[21] ?? ??, ??? 1-??? ??????????? ?? ??? 6-???? ????. ????? α(1→6) ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????(glycogen debranching enzyme)? ????. ??? ??? 6-??(G6P)? ??? ? ?? ??? ??? ???.
- ??? 6-??? ?????? ?? ??? ? ??? ??? ??? ? ??.
- ??? 6-??? ??? 6-?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? NADPH? ???? ??? ? ??.
- ?? ???? ??? 6-??? ??? 6-????????(??? 6-??????)? ?? ????? ????? ? ???, ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????.
?? ???
[??]???? ?? ??
[??]???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ? ?? ?????. ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????.
??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???, ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????. ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????.
??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????. ??? ???? ???(glycogen storage disease)??? ??.
???? ??? ??? ??
[??]??? ??, ?????? ?? ??, ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????. ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ? ????. ??? ??? "?? ? ?(hitting the wall)"??? ??. ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????, ??? ???? ?? ? 32 km ???? ? ??? ????.
????? ??? ??? ? ?? ???? ??? ? ??. ??, ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????(?????)? ????? ????. ? ??? ??? ??? ?? 80% ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ? 35%? ???? ???. ??, ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??(?: ?? ??? ??? ??)? ?? ??? I ? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ? ??.[22][23] ??, ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ? ??.[24][25][26] ? ??? ???? ??(carbohydrate loading)??? ??. ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??.[27][28]
???? ??? ??? ?, ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??. ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? 4~5?? ?? ??? ??.
??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????, ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??.[29][30][31] ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???.[31]
?? ??
[??]??
[??]- ↑ William D. McArdle; Frank I. Katch; Victor L. Katch (2006). 《Exercise physiology: energy, nutrition, and human performance》 6?. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 12?. ISBN 978-0-7817-4990-9.
- ↑ ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Wasserman DH (January 2009). “Four grams of glucose”. 《American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism》 296 (1): E11–21. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.90563.2008. PMC 2636990. PMID 18840763.
Four grams of glucose circulates in the blood of a person weighing 70 kg. This glucose is critical for normal function in many cell types. In accordance with the importance of these 4 g of glucose, a sophisticated control system is in place to maintain blood glucose constant. Our focus has been on the mechanisms by which the flux of glucose from liver to blood and from blood to skeletal muscle is regulated. ... The brain consumes ～60% of the blood glucose used in the sedentary, fasted person. ... The amount of glucose in the blood is preserved at the expense of glycogen reservoirs (Fig. 2). In postabsorptive humans, there are ～100 g of glycogen in the liver and ～400 g of glycogen in muscle. Carbohydrate oxidation by the working muscle can go up by ～10-fold with exercise, and yet after 1 h, blood glucose is maintained at ～4 g.
- ↑ Sadava; ?. (2011). 《Life》 9, International?. W. H. Freeman. ISBN 9781429254311.
- ↑ ? ? Kreitzman SN, Coxon AY, Szaz KF (1992). “Glycogen storage: illusions of easy weight loss, excessive weight regain, and distortions in estimates of body composition” (PDF). 《The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition》 56 (1 Suppl): 292s–93s. PMID 1615908.
- ↑ Guyton, Arthur C.; John Edward Hall (2011). 《Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology》. New York, New York: Saunders/Elsevier. ISBN 978-5-98657-013-6.
- ↑ Moses SW, Bashan N, Gutman A (December 1972). “Glycogen metabolism in the normal red blood cell”. 《Blood》 40 (6): 836–43. PMID 5083874.[?? ??(?? ?? ??)]
- ↑ Ingermann RL, Virgin GL (1987). “Glycogen content and release of glucose from red blood cells of the sipunculan worm themiste dyscrita” (PDF). 《J Exp Biol》 129: 141–9.
- ↑ Miwa I, Suzuki S (November 2002). “An improved quantitative assay of glycogen in erythrocytes”. 《Annals of Clinical Biochemistry》 39 (Pt 6): 612–13. doi:10.1258/000456302760413432. PMID 12564847.
- ↑ Oe Y, Baba O, Ashida H, Nakamura KC, Hirase H (June 2016). “Glycogen distribution in the microwave-fixed mouse brain reveals heterogeneous astrocytic patterns”. 《Glia》 64 (9): 1532–45. doi:10.1002/glia.23020. PMID 27353480.
- ↑ Campbell, Neil A.; Brad Williamson; Robin J. Heyden (2006). 《Biology: Exploring Life》. Boston: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-250882-6. 2014? 11? 2?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2019? 1? 16?? ???.
- ↑ Ryley, JF (March 1955). “Studies on the metabolism of the protozoa. 5. Metabolism of the parasitic flagellate Trichomonas foetus.”. 《The Biochemical Journal》 59 (3): 361–9. PMID 14363101.
- ↑ Benchimol, Marlene; Elias, Cezar Antonio; De Souza, Wanderley. “Tritrichomonas foetus: Ultrastructural localization of calcium in the plasma membrane and in the hydrogenosome”. 《Experimental Parasitology》 54 (3): 277–284. doi:10.1016/0014-4894(82)90036-4. ISSN 0014-4894.
- ↑ Mielewczik, Michael; Mehlhorn, Heinz; Al-Quraishy, Saleh; Grabensteiner, E.; Hess, M. (2008? 9? 1?). “Transmission electron microscopic studies of stages of Histomonas meleagridis from clonal cultures”. 《Parasitology Research》 (??) 103 (4): 745. doi:10.1007/s00436-008-1009-1. ISSN 0932-0113.
- ↑ Manners, D. J. Carbohydr. Polym. 1991, 16, 37.
- ↑ Berg, Tymoczko & Stryer (2012). 《Biochemistry》 7, International?. W. H. Freeman. 338?. ISBN 1429203145.
- ↑ Berg; ?. (2012). 《Biochemistry》 7, International?. W. H. Freeman. 650?.
- ↑ “Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, 7rd edition; By David L. Nelson and Michael M. Cox”.
- ↑ “Glycogen Biosynthesis; Glycogen Breakdown”. 《oregonstate.edu》. 2021? 5? 12?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2018? 2? 28?? ???.
- ↑ F. G. Young (1957). “Claude Bernard and the Discovery of Glycogen”. 《British Medical Journal》 1 (5033 (Jun. 22, 1957)): 1431–37. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5033.1431. JSTOR 25382898.
- ↑ Nelson, D. (2013) Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, 6th ed., W.H. Freeman and Company (p. 618)
- ↑ Stryer, L. (1988) Biochemistry, 3rd ed., Freeman (p. 451)
- ↑ “??? ??”. 2018? 7? 22?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2019? 1? 16?? ???.
- ↑ “??? ??”. 2017? 9? 5?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2019? 1? 16?? ???.
- ↑ McDonald, Lyle. “Research Review: An In-Depth Look Into Carbing Up On The Cyclical Ketogenic Diet”. 2020? 11? 11?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2017? 2? 19?? ???.
- ↑ McDonald, Lyle. The Ketogenic Diet: A Complete Guide for the Dieter and the Practitioner. Lyle McDonald, 1998
- ↑ "Costill DL et. al. Muscle glycogen utilization during prolonged exercise on successive days. J Appl Physiol (1971) 31: 834–38."
- ↑ Glycogen depletion and increased insulin sensitivity and responsiveness in muscle after exerciseAm J Physiol Endocrinol MetabDecember 1, 1986 251:(6) E664–69
- ↑ McDonald, Lyle. The Ultimate Diet 2.0. Lyle McDonald, 2003
- ↑ Pedersen DJ, Lessard SJ, Coffey VG, ?. (July 2008). “High rates of muscle glycogen resynthesis after exhaustive exercise when carbohydrate is coingested with caffeine”. 《Journal of Applied Physiology》 (Original article) 105 (1): 7–13. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01121.2007. PMID 18467543.
- ↑ Gaudet, Laura; Jackson, Allen; Streitz, Carmyn; McIntire, Kyle; McDaniel, Larry. “The Effects Of Caffeine On Athletic Performance”. Clute Institute. 2016? 3? 13?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2014? 6? 17?? ???.
- ↑ ? ? Beelen M, Burke LM, Gibala MJ, van Loon L JC (December 2010). “Nutritional strategies to promote postexercise recovery”. 《International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism》 20 (6): 515–32. doi:10.1123/ijsnem.20.6.515. PMID 21116024.
